Biological Psychology

Cover
Biological Psychology
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Biological Psychology
		Brain Scene Investigation: Establishing Relevant Biopsychological Context
			Darwin’s Observations and the Importance of Variations in Environmental Contexts
			Explorations of Environmental Context in the Laboratory and Beyond
			The Context Conundrum
			The Importance of Context in Biopsychological Research
				Environmental Context
				External Conditions
				Internal Conditions
				Experiential Context
				Past Events
				Future and Anticipated Events
		Pioneers in Brain Research
		The Genetics Story: From Gemmules to Genomes
			The Components of Heredity
			From Genes to Behavior
		The Tools of Biological Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Methods
			Human Research Methods
				Case Studies
				Experimental Studies
				Electroencephalography
				Neuroimaging
			Animal Research Methods
				Lesion Methods and Brain-Stimulation Techniques
				Genetic Engineering
				Behavioral Tests
				Field Research
			Evaluation of Research Outcomes
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
	Chapter 2: The Nervous System: Structure and Function
		Brain Scene Investigation: David Blaine’s Breath-Defying Act
		The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
			Neurons
			Glial Cells
		Divisions of Labor in the Nervous System
			Evolutionary Considerations
			The Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
			Further Divisions of the PNS
				Context Matters: Friends, Marathons, and New Neurons
		The Brain’s Geography
			The Hindbrain (Myelencephalon and Metencephalon)
			The Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
			The Forebrain (Diencephalon and Telencephalon)
				Diencephalon
				Telencephalon: Subcortical Systems (Basal Ganglia and Limbic System)
				Telencephalon: The Cerebral Cortex
		Taking Sides: Brain Lateralization
		CNS Security Systems
			Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System
			Internal and External Surveillance Systems
				The Stress Response
				The Immune System
				Laboratory Exploration: The Brain in Technicolor
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 3: Cells and Circuits
		Brain Scene Investigation: Intuition, Hunches, and Self-Awareness: Potential Role of von Economo Neurons?
		Neurons: Structure and Function
			The Neuron’s Microstructure
				Context Matters: Social Distress and Neuronal Connections
			The Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential
			The Action Potential
			Synaptic Transmission
		Neurons and Glial Cells: Collaborations
		Lessons from Epilepsy: Neural Transmission in Review
			Potential Mechanisms of Changes in Neural Excitability
			Potential Mechanisms of Synchronization
			Research with Animal Models
			Treatment of Epilepsy
		Mirror Neurons, Specialized Neural Circuits, and Investigations into Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 4: Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction
		Brain Scene Investigation: Methamphetamine “Tweaks” the Brain
		Neurotransmitters: A Brief Introduction
			Monoamine Neurotransmitters
			Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
			Peptide Neurotransmitters
			Other Neurotransmitters
		Overview of Neuropsychopharmacology
			Major Goals of Neuropsychopharmacological Research
			Development of New Drugs for Specific Symptoms: A Thought Experiment
		Psychoactive Drugs: Precursors to Drug Addiction
			CNS Stimulants
				Caffeine
				Nicotine
				Cocaine
				Amphetamine and MDMA
			CNS Depressants: Alcohol
			Analgesics: Opium
			Hallucinogens: LSD
			A Drug with Diverse CNS Effects: Cannabis
		Drug Addiction
			Stages of the Addiction Cycle
				Binge/Intoxication Stage
				Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage
				Preoccupation/Anticipation (Craving) Stage
				Context Matters: Treating Cocaine Addiction with Environmental Enrichment
			Addiction Therapies
				Laboratory Exploration: A Nicotine Vaccine?
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 5: Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function
		Brain Scene Investigation: Traumatic Brain Injury and an Unlikely Neurochemical Intervention
		Building Brains
			Recurring Evolutionary Themes
			The Importance of Play Behavior in Developing Brains
			Is the Human Brain Unique?
			Epigenetics: How Lifestyles Influence Inheritance
		Neural Development
			A Brain Is Born: Neuroplasticity in Action
			Fundamentals of Neurogenesis
			The Human Adolescent Brain
			The Aging Brain
				Context Matters: Aging: Is It in Our Blood?
		Recovering from Brain Injury
			Damage Control in Injured Brains
			A Case to Consider: Repetitive Head Injuries in Athletes
				Laboratory Exploration: Behavioral Profiling and Genetic Engineering: In Search of Animal Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
PART III: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
	Chapter 6: Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation
		Brain Scene Investigation: Seeing Without Vision
		Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception
			Fechner’s Dream
			Tuning in to Environmental Cues
			The Big Sensory Picture: Taste and Multisensory Integration
				Smell, Taste, and Flavor: An Example of Multisensory Processing
				The Functions and Neural Basis of Multisensory Integration
		Vision
			Light’s Journey to the Cortex
				Stimulus and Receptor
				The Central Nervous System Visual Pathway
				Visual Details
			Processing Contextual Cues
			Color Vision
				The Neural Basis of Color Vision
				Adaptive Functions of Color Vision
			Uber-vision: Hawks
		Hearing
			Stimulus and Receptor
			The Central Nervous System Auditory Pathway
			Uber-audition: Echolocation in Bats
		Touch
			Helen Keller’s Unique Sensory Portal
			Touch Receptors and the Somatosensory Pathway
			Uber-touch: Raccoons
				Context Matters: The Healing Touch and Recovery from Brain Injury
		Smell
			Stimulus and Receptor
			Olfactory Neural Destinations and Emotional Connections
			Pheromones
			Uber-olfaction: Rats
		Final Thoughts on Sensory Integration and Adaptation
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 7: Movement
		Brain Scene Investigation: The Frozen Addicts
		Movement Basics
			The Brain and Spinal Cord
				The Motor Cortex
				Corticospinal Tracts
				The Spinal Cord
			Muscles
				Muscle Types
				Sensory Feedback in Muscles
		Complex Movement
			Cortical Areas
			The Basal Ganglia
			The Cerebellum
				Context Matters: How the Brain Gets Tickled
		Adaptive Moves
			All the Right Moves
			Athletic Performance
			Exercise
		Movement Disorders
			Parkinson’s Disease
			Spinal Cord Injury
		Language as an Extension of Movement
			Evolution of Language
			Language and Sounds of Nature
			Language Localized in the Brain
				Laboratory Exploration: Using Reaching Tasks to Assess Models of Brain Injury and Recovery
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 8: Maintenance and Motivation
		Brain Scene Investigation: Runaway Motivation
		The Brain’s Reward Circuitry
			Elements of the Reward Circuits
			Environmental Tuning of the Reward Circuits
		Hunger Regulation
			The Evolution of Efficient Eating Strategies and Brain Enlargement
			The Neurobiology of Hunger Regulation
				Neurochemicals and Appetite Control
				Why Can’t We Eat Just One?
			Environmental Influences on Eating
			Clinical Implications of Eating Strategies: Eating Disorders, Diet, and Hunger Regulation
				Context Matters: Neurodevelopment and Weight Regulation: Influence of Mother’s Diet during Pregnancy
		Thirst Regulation
			Osmoregulatory Thirst
			Hypovolemic Thirst
		Motivating the Brain to Work
			Neurobiology of Sustained Work
			Plasticity of Effort-Related Responses
		Grooming: The Silent but Essential Motivator
			Components of the Rodent Grooming Response
			Neural Circuits and Clinical Applications
			Barbering: Extreme Grooming for Extreme Circumstances
				Laboratory Exploration: Microdialysis and Motivation Research
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 9: Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness
		Brain Scene Investigation: The Sleep-Murder Legal Defense
		The Rhythms of Sleep and Wakefulness
			Circadian Rhythms
			Stages of Sleep
			Extreme Sleep: Hibernation
		The Neurobiology of Sleep
			Early Neuroanatomical Explorations
			Integrated Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Circuits
				Slow Wave Sleep
				REM Sleep
		Why Sleep and Dream?
			Evolutionary Theories of Sleep Function
				Homeostatic Theory of Sleep Regulation
				Adaptive Theory of Sleep
			Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Human Sleep Patterns
			Learning, Memory, and Survival Functions
				Slow Wave Sleep
				REM Sleep
				Context Matters: Stuck on a Problem? Sleep on It!
			Potential Immune Functions
		Sleep Patterns: Typical and Atypical Variations
			Establishing the Sleep Norm
			Sleep Disorders
				Insomnia
				Narcolepsy
				Sleep Apnea
		Altered States of Consciousness: Beyond Sleep
			Neural Networks and Conscious Awareness
			Disorders of Consciousness
			Death and the End of Consciousness
				Laboratory Exploration: Optogenetics: Shining a Light on the Brain’s Sleep–Wake Circuits
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
PART IV: NEUROBIOLOGY IN ACTION
	Chapter 10: Emotional Expression and Regulation
		Brain Scene Investigation: The Neurobiology of Voodoo Death
		Biopsychological Perspectives of Emotional Expression
			Evolutionary and Universal Emotional Expressions
			Classic Neurobiological Theories of Emotion
			The Brain’s Role in Emotional Expression
		The Neurobiology of Aggression and Fear
			Aggression
				Neuroanatomy of Aggression
				Neurochemistry of Aggression
				Submission and Defeat
			Fear
				Conditioned Fear
				Building Courage in the Face of Fear
				The Value of Fear
		Emotional Regulation
			The Stress Response, Revisited
			The Neurobiology of Resilience
				Effective Coping Strategies
				Cognitive Reappraisal
				Emotions and Decision Making
			Emotions and Health
				Context Matters: Emotional Temperament and Longevity in Rats
				Laboratory Exploration: “Laughing” Rats and Positive Emotion Research
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 11: Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies
		Brain Scene Investigation: The Experimental Wedding
		Hormones and Behavior
			The Endocrine System
				Historical Background of Behavioral Endocrinology
				Primary Endocrine Glands and Hormones
				Chemical Classes of Hormones
				Functional Relationships Between the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
			Organizational and Activational Effects of Hormones During Development
		The Neurobiology of Relationships
			Romantic Elixirs
			Oxytocin: The Social Trust Molecule?
			The Pet Factor
		Sexual Behavior and Characteristics
			Rodent Model: Male and Female Sexual Behavior
			Sex Differences and the Brain
			Sexual Orientation and Transsexualism
		The Neurobiology of Parental Behavior
			The Maternal Brain
			The Paternal Brain
			Alloparenting
				Context Matters: An Old Bird Learns a New Trick
				Laboratory Exploration: Manipulating Hormone Levels in Laboratory Animals with Implantable Delivery Pumps
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Decision Making
		Brain Scene Investigation: Clive Wearing’s Fleeting Memory
		Neurobiological Foundations of Learning and Memory Processes
			Behavioral Approaches
			Cellular Mechanisms
				Cellular Modifications in the Aplysia
				Cellular Modifications in the Hippocampus
			Structural Neuroplasticity
			Integrating Clinical and Laboratory Research
				The Case of H.M.
				Animal Studies
				Human Brain Imaging Studies
			Identifying Brain-Based Memory Systems
				Rapid Encoding of Flexible Associations
				Slow Encoding of Rigid Associations
				Rapid Encoding of Single or Categorized Items
		Modifying Memories
			Rewriting Memories
			Memory and Emotions
				Stress and Forgetting
				Stress and Memory Enhancement
				Context Matters: Can Perceived Safety Diminish the Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
			The Case of Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
		Focusing on Attention: Gateway to Learning and Memory
		Decision Making
			Neuroanatomy of Neuroeconomics
			Unexpected Outcomes and Flexible Response Strategies
				Laboratory Exploration: Using Fos Immunoreactivity to Determine Brain Activation During Learning Tasks
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
	Chapter 13: Mental Illness
		Brain Scene Investigation: Cautionary Tales in Psychiatry: The Questionable Creation of Sheri Storm’s Multiple Personalities
		The Challenge of Classifying and Treating Mental Illness
			The Meandering Search for the Roots of Mental Illness
			Early Biological Therapies for Mental Illness
			Contemporary Mental Health Classifications
		Schizophrenia
			Causes
				Neurochemical Candidates
				Neuroanatomical Candidates
				Genetic and Environmental Factors
			Treatment Strategies
		Depression
			Causes
				Neurochemical Candidates
				Neuroanatomical Candidates
				The Network Hypothesis
			Treatment Strategies
				Electroconvulsive Therapy
				Pharmacotherapy
				Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies
				Emerging Therapeutic Approaches
			Bipolar Disorder
		Anxiety Disorders and Other Related Disorders
			Diagnoses of Anxiety Disorders and Other Related Disorders
			Common Causes
			Treatment Strategies
				Context Matters: Virtual Reality Therapy for Spider Phobias
			Evolutionary Roots
				Laboratory Exploration: Schizophrenia and Prepulse Inhibition
		Conclusion
		Key Terms
		Review Questions
		Critical-Thinking Questions
Epilogue: Expanding the Contextual Boundaries of Biopsychology
	Extreme Environmental Context Modification: Rats Undergoing Prenatal Development in Space
	Changing the Context of the Brain’s Infrastructure: Building Brain–Machine Interfaces
	Stepping Outside the Context of the Laboratory: Creativity and the Brain
Appendix: Major Research Methods in This Text
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index