Biological anthropology : the natural history of humankind

Cover......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Dedication Page......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 24
About the Authors......Page 26
INTRODUCTION: What Is Biological Anthropology?......Page 27
Anthropology and Its Subfields......Page 29
Paleoanthropology......Page 32
Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology......Page 33
Forensic Anthropology......Page 34
Human Biology......Page 35
The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology......Page 36
Visual Summary......Page 38
CHAPTER 1 Origins of Evolutionary Thought......Page 39
What Is Science?......Page 41
The Early Thinkers......Page 42
The Road to the Darwinian Revolution......Page 45
The Darwinian Revolution......Page 47
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwin versus Wallace?......Page 54
The Response to Darwin......Page 56
Science and Creationism......Page 57
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What Is Intelligent Design?......Page 58
Visual Summary......Page 60
CHAPTER 2 Genetics: Cells and Molecules......Page 61
Genetics......Page 63
The Cell......Page 65
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Cloning Controversies......Page 67
DNA Structure and Function......Page 69
INNOVATIONS: The Wide World of RNA......Page 78
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Biochemical Individuality......Page 81
Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research......Page 84
Visual Summary......Page 90
CHAPTER 3 Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype......Page 92
From Genotype to Phenotype......Page 94
Mendelian Genetics......Page 97
Mutation......Page 102
Genetics beyond Mendel......Page 107
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics......Page 111
Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts......Page 113
INNOVATIONS: A New Genetic Era......Page 114
Genes and Environments......Page 115
Visual Summary......Page 116
CHAPTER 4 The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species......Page 118
How Evolution Works......Page 119
Classification and Evolution......Page 127
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What’s in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Conservation......Page 134
Levels of Selection......Page 139
Visual Summary......Page 141
CHAPTER 5 Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability......Page 142
Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level......Page 144
Historical Perspectives on Human Variation......Page 146
Population Genetics......Page 153
Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations......Page 162
Adaptation and Adaptability......Page 168
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Technology and Extreme Environments......Page 171
Visual Summary......Page 179
CHAPTER 6 The Primates......Page 180
The Primate Radiation......Page 182
A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates......Page 190
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Rarest of the Rare......Page 198
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes?......Page 208
Primate Ecology......Page 212
Visual Summary......Page 221
CHAPTER 7 Primate Behavior......Page 222
Studying Primates......Page 223
The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior......Page 225
Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?......Page 231
INNOVATIONS: Culture in Nonhuman Primates......Page 232
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Infanticide Wars......Page 238
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?......Page 242
Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies......Page 244
Visual Summary......Page 246
CHAPTER 8 Fossils in Geological Context......Page 247
How to Become a Fossil......Page 249
The Importance of Context......Page 250
How Old Is It?......Page 256
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Piltdown Hoax......Page 259
INNOVATIONS......Page 264
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Dating Controversies......Page 270
The Earth in the Cenozoic......Page 272
Visual Summary......Page 278
CHAPTER 9 Origin of Primates......Page 280
The Mesozoic and Beyond......Page 282
Changes in the Paleocene: The Origin of Primates?......Page 283
Early Primates of the Eocene......Page 285
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwinius masillae and the Origin of Haplorhines......Page 286
Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors)......Page 287
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar......Page 289
Evolution of Higher Primates......Page 290
Molecular Evolution in Primates......Page 303
Visual Summary......Page 309
CHAPTER 10 Becoming Human: The Ape-Hominin Transition......Page 311
Becoming a Biped......Page 313
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Overheated Radiator?......Page 322
The Transition to Human Behavior......Page 324
Visual Summary......Page 330
CHAPTER 11 Early Hominins......Page 332
Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?......Page 333
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominins versus Hominids......Page 334
The First Hominins?......Page 336
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Treasures of the Afar Triangle......Page 340
Australopithecus and Kin......Page 341
INNOVATIONS: Dikika and Development......Page 346
Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation......Page 359
Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists......Page 361
Visual Summary......Page 364
CHAPTER 12 Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo......Page 366
Climate and the Evolution of Homo in the Pliocene and Pleistocene......Page 367
Earliest Genus Homo......Page 368
Early Tool Use......Page 370
Hunting and Scavenging......Page 372
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Understanding the Meat-Eating Past through the Present......Page 373
Who Was Homo Erectus?......Page 374
Homo Erectus around The World......Page 381
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Little People of Flores......Page 389
The Lifeways of Homo erectus......Page 392
INNOVATIONS: What’s Size Got to Do With It?......Page 398
Visual Summary......Page 402
CHAPTER 13 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals......Page 404
Hominin Evolution in the Middle to Late Pleistocene......Page 406
Archaic Homo sapiens......Page 407
Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens......Page 411
The Neandertals......Page 415
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Neandertal Image Makeovers......Page 420
INNOVATIONS: Neandertal Genes......Page 428
Neandertal Behavior......Page 430
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Denisovans......Page 436
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview......Page 438
Visual Summary......Page 440
CHAPTER 14 The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens......Page 442
Models of Modern Human Origins......Page 444
Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans......Page 445
Archaeology of Modern Human Origins......Page 452
INNOVATIONS: Symbolism and Human Evolution......Page 456
Molecular Genetics and Human Origins......Page 459
Interpreting Models of Human Origins......Page 462
Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands......Page 464
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The “Vitamin D Line”......Page 466
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Peopling of the New World......Page 468
Visual Summary......Page 470
CHAPTER 15 Evolution of the Brain and Language......Page 472
Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution......Page 474
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy......Page 481
Language: Biology and Evolution......Page 485
INNOVATIONS: Music, the Brain, and Evolution......Page 488
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Ape Language Studies......Page 492
Brain Size, Language, and Intelligence......Page 497
Visual Summary......Page 498
CHAPTER 16 Biomedical Anthropology......Page 499
Epidemiology: Basic Tools for Biomedical Anthropology......Page 501
Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease......Page 504
Birth, Growth, and Aging......Page 506
Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution......Page 516
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Kuru, Cannibalism, and Prion Diseases......Page 518
Diet and Disease......Page 522
Visual Summary......Page 526
CHAPTER 17 The Evolution of Human Behavior......Page 527
Studying the Evolution of Human Behavior......Page 529
Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective......Page 533
Sexual Selection and Human Behavior......Page 540
Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors......Page 544
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Reading, Writing, and Evolution......Page 545
Behavioral Disease......Page 547
Visual Summary......Page 553
CHAPTER 18 Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology......Page 554
Life, Death, and the Skeleton......Page 556
Field Recovery Methods......Page 557
Laboratory Processing, Curation, and Chain of Custody......Page 558
The Biological Profile......Page 559
INNOVATIONS: Ancestory and Identity Genetics......Page 566
Taphonomy......Page 569
DNA, Kinship, and Identity......Page 571
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: If You Have DNA, Why Bother with Bones?......Page 572
Identification and Forensic Anthropology......Page 574
Bioarchaeology and Population Change......Page 576
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Bony Record of Health and Disease......Page 578
Forensic Anthropology of Mass Disasters, War Crimes, and Human Rights......Page 580
Epilogue......Page 584
Visual Summary......Page 585
APPENDIX A: Overview of the Brain......Page 587
APPENDIX B: Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy......Page 590
APPENDIX C: The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium......Page 595
APPENDIX D: Metric–Imperial Conversions......Page 597
B......Page 599
C......Page 600
E......Page 601
H......Page 602
M......Page 603
O......Page 604
P......Page 605
S......Page 606
V......Page 607
Z......Page 608
Bibliography......Page 609
Credits......Page 629
B......Page 633
E......Page 634
H......Page 635
L......Page 636
P......Page 637
S......Page 638
Z......Page 639