Biohydrogen

Front Cover......Page 1
Biohydrogen......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Essentials of energy......Page 16
Hydrogen......Page 17
Genesis of biological H2 production......Page 18
Photosynthetic Machinery of H2 Production......Page 20
Dark-Fermentative Biohydrogenesis......Page 24
In Vitro Hydrogenesis......Page 26
Electrically Driven Biohydrogenesis......Page 27
Thermochemical Process......Page 28
Scientometric evaluation of the research on biohydrogen......Page 29
Waste as renewable feedstock/substrate for biohydrogen production......Page 30
Prospects of biohydrogen domain......Page 32
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 40
Enzymes......Page 41
Direct and Indirect Biophotolysis......Page 42
Photofermentative Hydrogen Production by Photosynthetic Bacteria......Page 43
Dark Fermentative Production of Hydrogen......Page 46
Hydrogen Production in Microbial Electrolysis Cells......Page 49
Tools......Page 51
References......Page 54
Introduction......Page 60
Improvement of Biophotolysis......Page 61
General Overview......Page 63
Photosystem......Page 64
Enzymes......Page 65
Carbon Metabolism and Metabolic-Flux Analysis......Page 66
General Overview......Page 67
Metabolic Engineering of H2-Producing Native Pathways in Dark Fermentation......Page 70
Incorporation of Nonnative Pathways for H2 Production in Dark Fermentation......Page 73
Metabolic Reconstruction and In Silico Modeling......Page 74
Perspectives and future directions......Page 75
References......Page 76
The first hurdle is the thermodynamic limitation......Page 82
The second hurdle is incomplete oxidation of substrate......Page 85
Engineering H2 pathways with maximum capability......Page 86
References......Page 87
Introduction......Page 90
Three distinct classes of hydrogenases......Page 91
[NiFe]-hydrogenases......Page 92
Group 1, Membrane-Bound [NiFe]-Hydrogenase (MBH)......Page 93
Group 2, Soluble Uptake [NiFe]-Hydrogenase......Page 96
Group 3, Bidirectional Heteromultimeric Cytoplasmic [NiFe]-Hydrogenase......Page 97
Group 4, Membrane-Associated, Energy-Converting [NiFe]-Hydrogenase......Page 100
[Fe]-hydrogenases......Page 102
[FeFe]-hydrogenases......Page 103
[FeFe]-Hydrogenase Active Site Biosynthesis......Page 104
Monomeric Forms......Page 106
Multimeric [FeFe]-Hydrogenases......Page 108
Multiple Pathways for Electron Flow to [FeFe]-Hydrogenase in Clostridia......Page 109
References......Page 111
Present Energy Scenario......Page 118
Benefits of Renewable Economy......Page 119
Toward a Carbon-Neutral Fuel......Page 120
Microbiology of dark fermentative bacteria......Page 121
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria......Page 122
Thermophiles......Page 123
Biochemistry of dark fermentative hydrogen production......Page 124
Thermodynamics of biohydrogen production processes......Page 126
Formate Hydrogen Lyase......Page 128
Hydrogenase......Page 130
Temperature......Page 131
Hydrogen Partial Pressure......Page 132
Nutrients......Page 133
Environmental Challenges in Waste Disposal......Page 134
Sources of Wastewater......Page 135
Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants......Page 140
Palm Oil Mill Effluent......Page 142
Pretreatment of Wastes......Page 143
Characterization of Wastes......Page 144
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Bioreactor......Page 145
Fluidized Bed Bioreactor......Page 147
Membrane Bioreactor......Page 148
Challenges......Page 149
References......Page 150
Introduction......Page 160
Photofermentative Organisms......Page 161
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways......Page 162
Single-Stage Photofermentation Bioprocesses......Page 164
Two-Stage Photofermentation Bioprocesses......Page 166
Strategies for improving photofermentation......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 170
References......Page 171
Introduction......Page 176
Direct Biophotolysis......Page 177
Sparging with Inert Gas......Page 178
Sulfate Deprivation......Page 179
Mutagenesis and O2-Tolerant Hydrogenases......Page 181
Enhanced Light-Capturing Efficiency......Page 182
Indirect Biophotolysis......Page 184
Integrated System......Page 185
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of H2 production from microalgae......Page 187
Nutrient Sources......Page 188
Photobioreactor......Page 189
Harvesting Technology......Page 192
Process Integration with Biodiesel Production from Microalgae......Page 193
Conclusions......Page 194
References......Page 195
Definition and Background of Biohydrogen......Page 200
Hydrogen Gas Production by Dark Fermentation......Page 202
Pure Culture Systems......Page 203
Mixed Microbial Cultures......Page 204
Biomass Resources......Page 205
Pretreatment of biomass and organic wastes......Page 206
Physicochemical Methods......Page 207
Microbial Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Materials......Page 208
Enzymatic Pretreatment of Cellulosic Materials......Page 209
Crop and Forest Residues......Page 210
Livestock Residues......Page 216
Algal Feedstocks......Page 217
Wastes and Wastewater......Page 218
Environmental and Operational Parameters......Page 222
Bioreactor Design......Page 223
Economics of biohydrogen production and perspectives......Page 225
Concluding remarks......Page 227
References......Page 228
Introduction......Page 238
Light-Driven and Light-Independent Fermentation for Biohydrogen Production from Wastewater......Page 239
Mixed consortia as biocatalyst......Page 245
Pretreatment of Biocatalyst......Page 246
Operating Temperature......Page 248
Redox Condition......Page 249
Reactor and Mode of Operation......Page 250
Partial Pressure of H2......Page 251
Regulatory function of trace metals on fermentative H2 production......Page 252
Process limitations......Page 255
Biodegradable Plastics......Page 256
Electrically Driven Biohydrogenesis......Page 258
Bioaugmentation......Page 260
References......Page 261
Introduction......Page 274
Characteristics of organic solid wastes for hydrogen production......Page 277
Hydrogen Production from Organic Solid Wastes in Batch Operation......Page 278
Hydrogen Production from Organic Solid Wastes in Continuous Operation......Page 280
Pretreatment of Feedstock......Page 282
Hydrolysis Improvement......Page 283
Suppression of Indigenous Nonhydrogen-Producing Bacteria......Page 286
Optimization of Operational Parameters......Page 287
pH......Page 288
Temperature......Page 289
Nutrient Supplementation......Page 290
Reactor configuration......Page 291
References......Page 293
Introduction......Page 300
Hydrogen production from fossil fuels......Page 301
Solar Routes......Page 302
Biotechnological Routes......Page 303
Thermochemical methods of conversion......Page 304
Gasification......Page 305
Allothermal gasification......Page 307
Steam gasification......Page 308
Gasification followed by water gas shift reaction......Page 310
Solar gasification......Page 311
Hydrothermal gasification......Page 312
Gasification under supercritical conditions......Page 313
Adsorbents and membranes for H2 separation......Page 315
Gasification of charcoal for production of H2......Page 316
Catalytic steam reforming (CSR) of bio-oil......Page 317
Fast pyrolysis followed by steam reforming......Page 318
Steam gasification of bio-oil/char slurry......Page 319
Aqueous phase reforming (APR) of bio-oil......Page 320
Sequential cracking/reforming processes......Page 321
Chemical looping steam reforming (CLR)......Page 322
Plasma thermal conversion of bio-oil to H2......Page 323
Exergy and economic issues......Page 324
Opportunities and challenges......Page 325
Acknowledgments......Page 326
References......Page 327
Introduction......Page 332
Direct Photolysis......Page 333
Photofermentation......Page 334
Dark Fermentation......Page 335
Hydrogen-producing microorganisms......Page 336
Continuous Processes......Page 339
Immobilized Cell Processes......Page 340
Dark Fermentation Bioreactors......Page 342
Microbial Electrolysis Cells......Page 343
Hybrid Bioreactors......Page 344
Challenges and the way forward......Page 345
Conclusions......Page 346
References......Page 347
Introduction......Page 354
Dark Fermentation Process......Page 356
Integrated Dark Photofermentation Process......Page 357
Kinetics......Page 358
Hydrodynamic......Page 359
Phase Holdups......Page 360
Pilot-Scale Hydrogen Production from Sucrose......Page 361
Food Waste Utilization in a Pilot-Scale System......Page 363
Sugar Industry Effluents Utilization in a Pilot-Scale System......Page 364
Summary......Page 365
References......Page 366
Index......Page 368