Biogeography, time and place: distributions, barriers and islands

Cover
Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands
© 2007
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
1: Global Disjunctions and Flying Insects
     1. Introduction
     2. Conjecture and Evidence
     3. Evolution of Continents
     4. Butterflies (Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea)
          4.1. General
          4.2. Hesperiidae
          4.3. Papilionidae
          4.4. Pieridae
          4.5. Lycaenidae
          4.6. Riodinidae
          4.7. Nymphalidae
     5. Hymenoptera
          5.1. General
          5.2. Stephanidae
          5.3. Braconidae
     6. Discussion
     References
2: Zoogeography of Freshwater Invertebrates of Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to Odonata
     1. Introduction
     2. History of Aquatic Invertebrates
     3. Geological History of Southeast Asia
          3.1. Geological History of the Southeast Asian Continent, the Malay Archipelago, and the West Pacific
          3.2. Mesozoicum
          3.3. Cenozoicum
          3.4. Geological Area Cladogram
     4. Distribution Patterns
          4.1. Introduction
          4.2. Odonata
          4.3. Other Groups
          4.4. Sulawesi
     5. Discussion
     Acknowledgements
     References
3: Distribution and Speciation of Megapodes (Megapodiidae) and Subsequent Development of their Breeding Behaviour
     1. Introduction
     2. Megapode Phylogenies and Other Relevant Publications
     3. Possible Scenario of Current Distribution and Breeding Strategies
          3.1. Distribution
          3.2. Breeding Strategies
     Acknowledgements
     References
4: The Influence of Land Barriers on the Evolution of Pontoniine Shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda) Living in Association with Molluscs and Solitary Ascidians
     1. Introduction
     2. Pontoniine Shrimps
     3. Processes
          3.1. Vicariance
          3.2. Coalescence
          3.3. Dispersal
          3.4. Non-Allopatric Speciation
          3.5. Extinction
     4. Distributional Patterns
          4.1. The Atlantic and East Pacific
          4.2. The Indo-West Pacific
     References
5: Delineation of the Indo-Malayan Centre of Maximum Marine Biodiversity: The Coral Triangle
     1. Introduction
     2. The Indo-West Pacific Region
     3. A Triangular Indo-West Pacific Biodiversity Hotspot
     4. Marine Biodiversity Patterns Among Various Taxa
          4.1. Pelagic Biodiversity
          4.2. Marine Plants: Mangroves, Seagrasses, and Algae
          4.3. Molluscs
          4.4. Arthropods: Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans
          4.5. Fishes
          4.6. Larger Benthic Foraminifera
          4.7. Stony Corals: Scleractinians, Hydrocorals, and Octocorals
          4.8. A Model Taxon: The Mushroom Coral Family (Scleractinia, Fungiidae)
     5. Processes Affecting Marine Biodiversity
          5.1. Holocene Recolonization of Southeast Asian Coral Reefs
          5.2. Oceanic Currents and Dispersal Barriers
          5.3. Speciation and Connectivity
          5.4. Habitat Heterogeneity and Environmental Constraints
          5.5. Models for the Development of Marine Biodiversity Centres
     6. Conclusions
     Acknowledgements
     References
6: Fauna Development of Larger Benthic Foraminifera in the Cenozoic of Southeast Asia
     1. Introduction
          1.1. Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
          1.2. Palaeoceanography and Ocean Circulation Rates
          1.3. Eustasy
          1.4. Outline
     2. Genera Included
     3. The East Indian Letter Classification
     4. Correlation to Plankton Foraminifera Zonal Schemes and European Stage Names
     5. Remarks on Some Stratigraphic Occurrences
          5.1. Miogypsinidae
          5.2. Calcarinidae
          5.3. Eulepidina and Nephrolepidina
          5.4. Nummulitidae
          5.5. Porcelaneous Foraminifera
     6. Generic Diversity of the Indo-West Pacific as Compared to Europe
          6.1. Palaeogeographic Events Influencing the Distribution of Larger Foraminifera
          6.2. Climate
          6.3. Facies and Outcrop
     7. Regional Distribution and Fauna Provinces
     8. Conclusions
     References
7: The Role of Spain in the Development of the Reef Brachiopod Faunas During the Carboniferous
     1. Introduction
     2. The Cantabrian Mountains
          2.1. Mississippian
          2.2. Pennsylvanian
     3. Discussion of the Brachiopod Faunas from the Cantabrian Mountains
     4. Relation with Other Areas
     5. Conclusions
     Acknowledgements
     References
8: Contrasting Patterns and Mechanisms of Extinction during the Eocene–Oligocene Transition in Jamaica
     1. Introduction
     2. Tectonics and Palaeogeography
     3. Marine Environment
          3.1. Eocene Echinoids
          3.2. Oligocene Echinoids
     4. Terrestrial Environment
          4.1. Seven Rivers
     5. Discussion
          5.1. Marine Environment
          5.2. Terrestrial Environment
     6. Conclusions
     Acknowledgements
     References
9: Long-Lived Lake Molluscs as Island Faunas: A Bivalve Perspective
     1. Introduction
     2. Corbulid Radiations in Miocene Lake Pebas (Western Amazonia)
          2.1. Lake Pebas: an Introduction
          2.2. Pachydontine Species
          2.3. Possible Ecological Adaptations
     3. An Overview of Long-Lived Lake Bivalve Radiations
          3.1. Introduction
          3.2. Lake Parana (Late Permian, South Brazil, Northern Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay)
          3.3. Lake Pannon (Miocene, Central Europe
          3.4. Euxinian Lakes (Late Miocene–Pliocene, Eastern Europe)
          3.5. Lake Aktschagyl (Pliocene, Eastern Europe, and Western Asia)
          3.6. Caspian Sea (Quaternary, Southeastern Europe, and Northwestern Asia)
          3.7. Lake Baikal (Late Oligocene-Extant, Siberia)
          3.8. Lake Biwa (Pliocene-Extant, Central Japan)
          3.9. Lake Turkana (Pliocene-Quaternary, Kenya)
          3.10. Other Long-lived Lakes
     4. Discussion
     5. Conclusions
     Acknowledgements
     References
10: Patterns in Insular Evolution of Mammals: A Key to Island Palaeogeography
     1. Introduction
     2. Gargano, Island Faunas on the Present Mainland
     3. The Greek Isles, a Developing Archipelago
          3.1. Tertiary Faunas
          3.2. Pleistocene Faunas of the Aegean Islands
     4. Southeast Asia
          4.1. Sunda Shelf
          4.2. Wallacea
          4.3. The Philippines
     5. Observations and Remarks
     Acknowledgements
     References
11: Islands from a Snail’s Perspective
     1. Introduction
     2. Land Surrounded by Water
          2.1. Islands
          2.2. Nunataks
          2.3. Palaeoislands
     3. Highlands Surrounded by Lowlands
     4. Stable Versus Varying Temperature, Humidity, and Light Conditions
     5. Calcareous Surrounded by Non-Calcareous Soils or Rocks
     6. Discussion
     Acknowledgements
     References
12: Morphological and Genetical Differentiation of Lizards (Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica) in the Ria de Arosa Archipelago (Galicia, Spain) resulting from Vicariance and Occasional Dispersal
     1. Introduction
     2. Material and methods
     3. Results
     4. Discussion
     1. Introduction
     2. Material and Methods
          2.1. Description of the Study Area
          2.2. Sampling
          2.3. Morphological Data and Multivariate Statistical Analysis
          2.4. Molecular Genetics and the Analysis of Sequence Data
          2.5. Enzyme Electrophoresis and Data Analysis
          2.6. Molecular Identification
          2.7. Correlates of Population Differentiation
     3. Results
          3.1. Gross Morphological Differentiation
          3.2. Genetic Variability at the Mitochondrial Level
          3.3. Genetic Variability at the Nuclear Level
          3.4. Molecular and Morphological Identification of P. bocagei and P. hispanica
          3.5. Species Distribution and Tests for Interspecific Hybridization
          3.6. Association Between Molecular Differentiation, Morphological Differentiation, and Bathymetry
          3.7. Morphological Character State Distributions
     4. Discussion
     Acknowledgements
     References
     Appendix
Index