Biogeochemical Processes of Biogenic Elements in China Marginal Seas

Cover......Page 1
ADVANCED TOPICS\rIN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA......Page 2
Biogeochemical Processes\rof Biogenic Elements\rin China Marginal Seas......Page 4
ISBN 9783642040597......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents\r......Page 10
1.1 Basic Status of China Marginal Seas......Page 16
1.1.1.1 Topography......Page 18
1.1.1.2 Hydrographical and Chemical Environment......Page 22
1.1.1.3 Tides......Page 24
1.1.1.4 Circulation......Page 25
1.1.1.6 Distribution Pattern of Sediments......Page 26
1.1.1.7 Riverine Discharge......Page 29
1.1.1.8 Biological Characteristics......Page 30
1.1.2.1 Topography......Page 38
1.1.2.2 Hydrographical and Chemical Environment......Page 39
1.1.2.4 Currents......Page 43
1.1.2.5 Wind......Page 45
1.1.2.7 Riverine Discharge......Page 47
1.1.2.8 Biological Characteristics......Page 49
1.1.3.1 Topography......Page 54
1.1.3.2 Hydrographical and Chemical Environment......Page 55
1.1.3.4 Currents......Page 57
1.1.3.5 Wind......Page 58
1.1.3.6 Distribution Pattern of Sediments......Page 59
1.1.3.8 Biological Characteristics......Page 60
1.1.4.1 Topography......Page 65
1.1.4.2 Hydrographical and Chemical Environment......Page 67
1.1.4.3 Tides......Page 69
1.1.4.4 Currents......Page 70
1.1.4.5 Wind......Page 72
1.1.4.7 Riverine Discharge......Page 75
1.1.4.8 Biological Characteristics......Page 76
1.2 Progress in Marine Biogeochemical Process Research in China......Page 82
1.2.1.1 Estuaries, Coasts and Continental Shelf......Page 84
1.2.1.2 Cycling Processes of Biogenic Elements in the Euphotic Zone......Page 86
1.2.1.3 Marine Biogeochemical Process of Settling and Suspended Particulates......Page 90
1.2.1.4 Biogeochemical Behavior near the Sediment-Water Interface......Page 92
1.2.1.5 Function of Small Organisms in Marine Biogeochemical Cycling......Page 94
1.2.2.1 CO2 Fluxes and Processes Between Atmospheres and Seawaters......Page 95
1.2.2.2 Carbon and Its Biogeochemical Cycles in Seawaters......Page 98
1.2.2.3 Carbon and Its Biogeochemistry in Marine Sediments......Page 105
1.2.2.4 Impact of Soil from River and Marine Sediment on Carbon Cycles......Page 107
1.2.3.1 Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen......Page 109
1.2.3.2 Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus......Page 114
1.2.3.3 Source and Characteristics of Biogenic Silicate......Page 117
1.2.3.4 Environment Chemical Process of the Persistent Organic Pollutants......Page 119
1.2.3.5 Major and Minor Elements in Marine Environments......Page 122
1.3.1 Biogenic Elements in China Marginal Sea Sediments......Page 127
1.3.2 Chemical Environments of China Marginal Sea Sediments and Early Diagenesis of Biogenic Elements......Page 129
1.3.3 Contribution of Settling Particles to Biogenic Element Recycling in China Marginal Seas......Page 131
1.3.4 Contributions of China Marginal Sea Sediments in the Recycling of Biogenic Elements......Page 134
1.3.5.1 Influences of Planktons on the Recycling of Biogenic Elements......Page 138
1.3.5.2 Benthos Influences on the Recycling of Biogenic Elements......Page 139
References......Page 142
2 Biogeochemical Processes of the Bohai Sea......Page 154
2.1.1.1 Distribution of PCO2 in Surface Waters......Page 155
2.1.1.2 Relationship between PCO2 and Temperature, Salinity and Chl a......Page 157
 2.1.2 Riverine Sources and Estuarine Fates of Particulate Organic Carbon in Seawaters......Page 159
2.1.2.1 Particulate Organic Carbon......Page 160
2.1.3 Inorganic Carbon in Liaodong Bay Sediments of the Bohai Sea......Page 162
2.1.3.1 Inorganic Carbon Forms in the Liaodong Bay Sediments......Page 163
2.1.3.2 Relationship between Organic Carbon and Inorganic Carbon......Page 166
2.1.3.3 Relationship Between Fe and Inorganic Carbon......Page 168
2.1.3.4 Assessment of Influencing Factors......Page 169
2.1.4 Biogeochemical Process of Organic Carbon in Sediments......Page 171
2.1.4.1 Vertical Distribution of OC in Bohai Sea Sediments......Page 172
2.1.4.2 Section Distribution in C Area......Page 174
2.1.4.3 Correlative Factors of OC and OC Decomposition Dynamics......Page 175
2.1.4.4 Decomposition of OC......Page 176
2.2.1.1 Distributions of Nitrogen......Page 178
2.2.1.2 Vertical Variation of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen......Page 182
2.2.1.3 Seasonal Differences of Nitrogen......Page 184
2.2.1.4 Distinguishing between Transport and ConversionProcesses of Nitrogen......Page 187
2.2.2.1 Evolution of DIN and DIP in Bohai Sea Waters......Page 190
2.2.2.2 Evolution of PP and Phytoplankton Community Structure......Page 194
2.2.2.3 Influence on PP of Nitrogen and Phosphorus......Page 195
2.2.2.4 Influence on Phytoplankton Community Structure of Nitrogen and Phosphorus......Page 198
2.2.2.5 Indicative Function to Eco-environmental Evolution by Phytoplankton......Page 199
2.2.3.1 Characteristics of Nitrogen Forms......Page 201
2.2.3.2 OC Decomposition and Early Diagenesis in Core Sediments......Page 204
2.2.3.3 Transferable Nitrogen in Core Sediments......Page 207
2.2.4 Sediment-Water Exchange of Inorganic Nitrogen......Page 208
2.3.1.1 Horizontal Distribution of Phosphate and Silicate......Page 210
2.3.1.2 Vertical Distribution of Phosphate and Silicon......Page 211
2.3.2 Forms of Phosphorus and Silicon in Surface Sediments .......Page 212
2.3.2.1 Forms of Phosphorus and Silicon in the Surface Sediments......Page 213
2.3.2.2 Biogeochemical Processes of Phosphorus and Silicon of Surface Sediments in the southern Bohai Sea......Page 216
2.3.3.1 Fluxes across the Sediment-Water Interface of P and Si in the Bohai Sea......Page 221
2.3.3.3 Budgets of Phosphate and Silicate......Page 223
2.3.3.4 Release and Adsorption of Nutrients......Page 225
2.4.1 Distribution of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Seawaters......Page 229
2.4.2 Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Bohai Bay......Page 234
2.4.2.1 Distribution Characteristics of the Main Polluting Metalsin Surface Waters......Page 235
2.4.2.2 Historical Changes of Pb and Zn in Surface Waters......Page 237
2.4.3.1 Geochemical Characteristics of Core Sediments......Page 238
2.4.3.2 Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals......Page 243
2.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Coastal Areas of the Bohai Sea......Page 246
2.5.1 Distributions of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sediments and Mollusks......Page 247
2.5.1.1 PAHs......Page 248
2.5.1.2 Organic Chlorine Pesticides (OCPs......Page 250
2.5.1.3 Dioxin-like Chemicals (PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs)......Page 252
2.5.1.4 Vertical Distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs......Page 255
2.5.1.5 Summary for the Spatial and Temporal Distributions of POPs......Page 257
2.5.2 Composition and Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants......Page 258
2.5.2.1 PAHs......Page 259
2.5.2.2 HCHs......Page 260
2.5.2.3 DDTs......Page 262
2.5.2.4 PCBs......Page 264
2.5.3.2 DDTs and HCHs......Page 265
2.5.3.3 PCDD/Fs and PCBs......Page 266
References......Page 267
3 Biogeochemical Processes of the Yellow Sea......Page 278
3.1.1 Yellow Sea Currents......Page 279
3.1.1.1 Yellow Sea Warm Current......Page 280
3.1.1.2 Coastal Currents......Page 284
3.1.2 Water Exchange Between the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea......Page 286
3.2.1.1 Horizontal Distributions of Dissolved Inorganic Carbonand Alkalinity in the Surface Water......Page 288
3.2.1.2 Horizontal Distributions of pH and PCO2 in the Surface Water......Page 291
3.2.1.3 Relationships Between PCO2 and Temperature, Salinity,Longitude and Latitude......Page 294
3.2.1.4 Carbon Flux across Seawater Interface of the Yellow Sea......Page 296
3.2.2.1 Water Masses......Page 297
3.2.2.2 Carbon Fixation Production......Page 298
3.2.3 Initial Carbon Fixed Production......Page 305
3.2.3.2 Estimation of Carbon Fixed Production of Zooplankton......Page 306
3.2.3.3 Changes in Carbon Fixed Production and Ecosystem......Page 308
3.3 Dimethylsulfide and Its Fluxes across the Sea-Air Interface of the Yellow Sea......Page 310
3.3.1.1 Horizontal Distributions......Page 311
3.3.1.2 Biological Production and Consumption of Dimethylsulfide......Page 312
3.3.1.3 Roles of Phytoplankton Biomass in Controlling the Distribution of Biogenic Sulfur......Page 313
3.3.2 Sea-to-Air Flux of Dimethylsulfide......Page 314
3.3.3 Source and Sink of Dimethylsulfide in the Microlayer . .......Page 316
3.4.1.1 Evolution of N and P from 1999 to 2005......Page 318
3.4.1.2 Reasons for the Environmental Variation......Page 320
3.4.2.1 Dry Deposition Flux of Nutrients......Page 323
3.4.2.2 Wet Deposition Fluxes of Nutrients......Page 324
3.4.2.3 Comparison Between the Atmospheric Fluxes and Riverine Inputs......Page 325
3.4.3.1 Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen......Page 326
3.4.3.2 Relationships of Different Forms of Nitrogen......Page 329
3.4.3.3 Predominant Factors Affecting Nitrogen Distributions......Page 330
3.4.3.4 Release of Nitrogen......Page 333
3.4.3.5 Burial Flux and Efficiency of Nitrogen......Page 336
3.4.4.1 Exchangeable Nitrogen......Page 338
3.4.4.2 Influence of Grain Size of the Sediment Particles......Page 342
3.4.4.3 Early Diagenesis of Nitrogens......Page 345
3.4.4.4 Buried Fluxes......Page 346
3.4.5.1 Phosphorus Concentrations......Page 347
3.4.5.2 Phosphorus Speciation......Page 348
3.4.5.3 Bioavailable Phosphorus......Page 350
3.4.5.4 Sedimentation and Burial of Phosphorus......Page 351
3.5.1.1 Carbon Processes across the Air-Sea Interface......Page 352
3.5.2 Historical Variation of Nitrogen......Page 362
3.5.2.1 Organic Carbon Source and Burial......Page 363
3.5.2.2 Vertical Distributions of Nitrogen......Page 371
3.5.2.3 Human Impact on the Sedimentary Environment......Page 377
3.5.2.4 Burial Flux of Nitrogen......Page 379
3.5.3.1 Total Phosphorus and Organic Phosphorus......Page 381
3.5.3.2 Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions......Page 382
3.5.3.3 Authigenic Apatite-Bound Phosphorus and Detrital Phosphorus......Page 385
3.5.3.4 Burial Fluxes of Phosphorus......Page 387
3.5.4 Biogenic Silica in the Sediments......Page 389
3.5.5 Nutrients (N, P, Si) in the Seawaters......Page 396
3.6.1 Distributions of Heavy Metals......Page 399
3.6.2 Annual Variations......Page 402
3.6.3.1 Sedimentation Type and Sedimentation Rate......Page 403
3.6.3.2 Interaction Between Metals and Their Chemical Properties......Page 406
3.6.3.3 Influences of Total Organic Carbon......Page 407
3.6.4 Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Evaluation......Page 408
3.7.1.1 Horizontal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 411
3.7.1.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sources......Page 412
3.7.1.3 Contribution of Terrestrial Input......Page 413
3.7.2.1 Horizontal Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyls......Page 414
3.7.2.2 Relationships Between Polychlorinated Biphenyls Distribution and Environmental Parameters......Page 415
3.7.3.1 Sediment Aging......Page 424
3.7.3.2 PAHs in the 20th Century......Page 425
3.7.3.3 PCBs in the 20th Century......Page 429
References......Page 433
4 Biogeochemical Processes of the East China Sea......Page 440
4.1.1 Circulation and Sea-Air Interaction in the Southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea......Page 441
4.1.2.1 The Kuroshio East of Taiwan......Page 443
4.1.2.2 The Kuroshio in the East China Sea......Page 444
4.1.3 Currents East of the Pyukyu Islands......Page 445
4.2.1 Spatial Distributions of Inorganic Carbon in Seawaters .......Page 446
4.2.1.1 PCO2 and Its Effecting Factors......Page 447
4.2.1.2 HCO 3 , CO2  3 , CO2, and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon inthe Changjiang River Estuary Seawaters......Page 452
4.2.2.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon......Page 455
4.2.2.2 Particulate Organic Carbon......Page 457
4.2.3 Key Biogeochemical Processes of Carbon in Seawaters .......Page 458
4.2.3.1 Sea-Air CO2 Fluxes......Page 459
4.2.3.2 Biological Pump......Page 462
4.2.4 Inorganic Carbon in Sediments......Page 464
4.2.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Carbonate in the East China Sea Sediment......Page 465
4.2.4.2 Inorganic Carbon Forms in the Changjiang River Estuary Sediments......Page 466
4.2.4.3 Factors Influencing the Distribution of Inorganic Carbon......Page 467
4.2.4.5 Contribution of Every IC Form to Marine Carbon Cycling......Page 471
4.2.4.6 Sedimentation Flux of Different IC Forms in the Changjiang River Estuary......Page 474
4.2.5 Biogeochemical Characteristics of Organic Carbon in Sediment......Page 475
4.2.5.2 Contribution of the Changjiang River to Organic Matterin Sediments......Page 476
4.2.5.3 Organic Carbon Mineralization......Page 478
4.2.5.4 Dynamic Processes......Page 479
4.3.1.1 Seasonal Distributions of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in Seawaters......Page 482
4.3.1.2 Concentrations of NO3-N, NO2-N, and NH4-N in the Changjiang River Estuary......Page 484
4.3.1.3 Long Term Change in Nitrogen in the East China Sea......Page 488
4.3.2.1 Nitrogen Concentration in the Sediment......Page 490
4.3.2.2 Effect of Grain Size and TOC on TN in Sediments......Page 491
4.3.3.1 Nutrient Fluxes from the Changjiang into the Sea......Page 493
4.3.3.2 Atmosphere Input......Page 494
4.4 Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in the East China Sea......Page 497
4.4.1 Distribution of Phosphorus in the Seawater......Page 498
4.4.2 Distribution of Phosphorus in the Sediments......Page 503
4.4.3 Phosphorus Burial Fluxes......Page 505
4.4.4 Phosphorus Balance......Page 506
4.4.5.1 Phosphorus Residence Time......Page 509
4.4.5.2 Phosphorus Uptake Rates......Page 511
4.5 Silicate and Biogenic Silica in the East China Sea......Page 513
4.5.1 Spatial Distribution of the Dissolved Silicate in Seawaters......Page 514
4.5.2.1 Biogenic Silica in the SPM......Page 519
4.5.3 Silica Balance on the East China Sea Shelf......Page 521
4.5.3.1 Inputs of Silicate......Page 522
4.5.3.2 Production of Biogenic Silica......Page 523
4.6 Dissolved Oxygen and O2 Flux across the Sea-Air Interface of the ECS......Page 524
4.6.1.1 General Distribution on Dissolved Oxygen in ECS......Page 526
4.6.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in the Changjiang River Estuary\\......Page 527
4.6.2 O2 Flux across the Sea-Air Interface......Page 532
4.6.2.1 O2 Flux in the ECS......Page 533
4.6.3 Factors Influencing Dissolved Oxygen Concentration......Page 535
References......Page 538
5.1 Water Dynamical Processes in the South China Sea......Page 544
5.1.1.1 Regional Dynamical Processes of the South China Sea......Page 547
5.1.1.2 Eddies in the South China Sea......Page 548
5.1.1.3 Dynamics of the South China Sea Circulation Adjustment......Page 549
5.1.1.4 Interannual Variability of the South China Sea Circulation......Page 550
5.1.2.1 Water Exchange at the Luzon Strait......Page 552
5.1.2.3 Vertical Structure of Water Exchange Through the Luzon Strait......Page 553
5.1.3 Dynamics of the Mixed Layer and Thermocline of the South China Sea......Page 554
5.1.3.2 Warm Waters of the South China Sea......Page 555
5.2 Nutrient Budgets in the Seawaters of the South China Sea......Page 556
5.2.1 Nitrogen Budgets......Page 557
5.2.2 Phosphorus Budgets......Page 558
5.2.3 Silicate Budgets......Page 559
5.3.1 Nutrients in Coastal Waters of the Pearl River Estuary......Page 561
5.3.1.1 Variations of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen......Page 562
5.3.1.2 Variation Characteristics of Phosphate......Page 563
5.3.1.3 Silicon Speciation and Release in Pearl River Estuary Surface Sediments......Page 567
5.3.2 Carbon in the Pearl River Estuary......Page 570
5.3.2.1 Carbon in Atmosphere and Seawaters......Page 571
5.3.2.2 High PCO2 in Surface Water of the Pearl River Estuaryand Its Maintaining Mechanism......Page 573
5.3.2.3 Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments nearthe Pearl River Estuary......Page 576
5.3.2.4 Suspended Particulate Matter from the Pearl River Deltato the Coastal Ocean......Page 577
5.3.2.5 Composition and Sources of Organic Matter in Surface Sediments of Daya Bay......Page 583
5.4.1.1 Dissolved Organic Carbon and Particulate Organic Carbon......Page 585
5.4.1.2 CO2......Page 586
5.5 Biogeochemical Processes in the Nansha Islands Waters......Page 590
5.5.1 Coral Reefs and Their Affected Factors......Page 592
5.5.2 Simulated Drift-Net Theory: The New Viewpoint on the High Productivity Supporting the Nansha Coral Reef Ecosystem......Page 594
5.5.3.2 Sequential Extraction and Determination of Nitrogen......Page 598
5.5.3.3 Sediment Type Distribution......Page 599
5.5.3.4 Regional Distribution of Nitrogen......Page 600
5.5.3.5 Biogeochemical Characteristics of Nitrogen......Page 602
5.5.4.1 Carbon in Settling Particulars of the Coral Reef Ecosystem......Page 605
5.5.4.2 Organic Matter Fluxes and Distributional Features of Hydrocarbon Compounds and Fatty Acids......Page 607
5.5.4.3 Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Fatty Acids......Page 613
5.5.4.4 Geochemical Significance of Compositional Features of Ketone, Aldehyde, and Alcohol Compounds......Page 617
5.5.5 Vertical Transferring Process of Major and Rare Elements in the Nansha Coral Rreef Lagoons......Page 620
5.5.5.1 Rare Elements......Page 621
5.5.5.2 Biogeochemical Process of Major Elements in Sinking Particulates of the Nansha Coral Reef Lagoons, the South China Sea......Page 627
5.5.6 Sulfide (−2 Valence) in Lagoon and Off-Reef Sediment Interstitial Waters......Page 631
5.5.6.2 Thermal Dynamic Balance of ( 2 Valence) Sulfur......Page 633
References......Page 635
6.1.1 Introduction......Page 642
6.1.2.1 Biogeochemical Research on Biogenic Elements in China Marginal Seas......Page 646
6.1.2.2 Biogeochemical Research on Biologically Toxic Compoundsin China Marginal Seas......Page 653
6.1.3.1 Field Investigation......Page 654
6.1.3.2 Laboratory Simulated Experiments......Page 655
6.1.3.3 Biogeochemical Models......Page 656
6.2 Main Key Biogeochemical Processes in China Marginal Seas......Page 657
6.2.1 River Input......Page 658
6.2.2 Coastal Anthropogenic Activities......Page 661
6.2.3 Biological Pump......Page 662
6.2.4 Ecological Disasters......Page 663
6.3 Prospects for Biogeochemistry in China Marginal Seas......Page 664
References......Page 666
Index......Page 672