Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future: Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision Making

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Biofuels technologies: An overview of feedstocks, processes, and technologies
	Contents
	Introduction
	Biofuels technologies and feedstocks
		Conventional (first generation) biofuels
		Advanced biofuels
			Cellulosic ethanol (second generation biofuels)
			Algae biofuels (third generation biofuels)
			Future technology (fourth generation biofuels)
	Biofuels processes
	Summary and conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Biofuel transitions: An overview of regulations and standards for a more sustainable framework
	Contents
	Introduction
	Defining and mapping biofuels and their markets
	Economic, social, and environmental issues associated with biofuels (production and consumption)
		Sustainability issues: From food security to nonfood resource biorefineries
		Rural development
	The role of policy: Regulation and standards
		The Europe framework
			Source of law and motivation
			Support schemes
			Standards of biofuels
		The US framework
			Sources of law and motivation
			Support schemes
			Standards of biofuels
		The China, India, and Brazil frameworks
			China
			India
			Brazil
	Lessons learned and future perspectives for the bio-based economy
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Triple bottom line, sustainability and sustainability assessment, an overview
	Contents
	Introduction
	State of the art in sustainability assessment
	Biofuels and sustainable development goals
	Environmental sustainability
		Life cycle assessment
		Comprehensive evaluation of environmental impacts
		Absolute sustainability: Assessing biofuels in light of planetary boundaries
		The nexus challenges: Assessing interplays and interdependencies between food, energy, land, water, and ecosystems
		Closing the loop: A circular bioeconomy to foster the use of sustainable feedstocks
	Social sustainability
		Governance-related challenges in the biofuels domain
	Economic sustainability
	Conclusions
	References
Indicators for sustainability assessment of biofuels: Economic, environmental, social, and technological dimensions
	Contents
	Introduction
	Technological aspects
		Biofuels
	Production of biofuel in biorefineries
	Biochemical routes
	Thermochemical routes
	Sustainability in biorefineries
	Study case
	Main parameters adopted in the biochemical conversion processes
		Second-generation ethanol
		Biobutanol
	Thermochemical conversion processes
	Pretreatment of bagasse
	Production and cleaning of syngas
	Syngas conditioning
	Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
	Generation of electricity and steam in the BIG-GTCC cycle
	Sustainability indicators
	Results
	Global efficiency and net productivity per hectare
	Comparative analysis
	Economic indicators
	Determination of NPV for the Fischer-Tropsch case (FT case)
	Cost of gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis plants
	References
	Further reading
Life cycle sustainability assessment in the energy sector
	Contents
	Introduction
		The UN sustainable development goals as a common frame of reference
		Energy, biofuels, and their relevance to sustainable development
		Sustainability issues and indicators
	Life cycle sustainability assessment
		Life cycle assessment
		Life cycle costing and associated techniques
		Social life cycle assessment
		Allocation of impacts
		Benefits, limitations, and weaknesses of LCSA
	Application of life cycle sustainability assessment: Illustrative case studies
		Large-scale biomass combustion
			Context
			Goal and scope definition
			Inventory analysis
				Cultivation and processing of wood pellets
				Cultivation and processing of miscanthus
				Fuel transportation
				Power plant operation
				Waste disposal
			Indicators and impact assessment
			Interpretation
		Future electricity scenarios for the United Kingdom
			Goal and scope definition
			Scenario development
			Inventory analysis
			Interpretation
			Case study conclusions
	Conclusions
	References
Hot-spots and lessons learned from life cycle sustainability assessment of inedible vegetable-oil based biodiesel in North ...
	Contents
	Introduction
	Potential cultivation areas and feedstocks for biodiesel production in Northern Viet Nam
		Pongamia pinnata
		Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
		Vernicia montana L.
		Proposed cultivation areas
		Promising feedstocks for biodiesel production
		Goal and scope of the study
		System boundary and functional unit
	Inclusive impact index (Triple I)
		Ecological footprint and biocapacity estimation method
		Conversion factor calculation
	Life cycle inventory (LCI)
		Determination of exhaust gas composition
			Variations in the characteristics of combustion emissions from diesel engines with diesel and biodiesel blends
			Biodiesel effects on gaseous toxics
			Base case emissions from petroleum combustion
			Fuel leakages and use
			Evaporation weathering in the marine environment
		Allocation methods
		Net present value (NPV) and discount rate calculation
		Base case assumption
		Base case scenario
			Market of petroleum diesel in Viet Nam
			Inedible vegetable oil-derived biodiesel life cycle in northern Viet Nam
		Scenario development
		Sensitivity analysis approach
	Results and discussion
		Human health and ecosystem quality impacts
		Net carbon dioxide emissions
		Biocapacity
		Economic evaluation
		Triple I
		Sensitivity analyses
		Social issues
	Conclusions and recommendations
		Implications for sustainable biodiesel policy in Northern Viet Nam
	Acknowledgment
	References
A life cycle assessment of tri-generation from biomass waste: The experience of the ``agro-combined´´ of Thiba
	Contents
	Introduction
	The LCA applied to the ``agro-combined´´ system of Thibar
		Goal and scope definition
			Functional unit, system boundaries, impact assessment methodologies, and impact categories
		Life cycle inventory
			The tri-generation plant
			Data collection and data quality
		Life cycle impact assessment and interpretation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Life-cycle costing: Analysis of biofuel production systems
	Contents
	Introduction
		Life-cycle costing concepts
		Uncertainty in life-cycle costs
	Example of sensitivity analysis of biodiesel via DOE
		Financial LCC of biodiesel
		System description
		Global sensitivity analysis by Latin hypercube design of experiments
	Concluding remarks
	References
Social life cycle assessment of biofuel production
	Contents
	Introduction
	Social life cycle assessment (SLCA)
		Social aspects and stakeholders in the production of biofuels
		Cases of SLCA of biofuel
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Key issue, challenges, and status quo of models for biofuel supply chain design
	Introduction
	Structure of BSC
		Biomass production
		Biomass conversion to biofuel
		Biofuel distribution and end use
	Multiple decision levels in BSC modeling
		Strategic decisions
		Tactical and operational decisions
	Modeling approaches for BSC design
		Optimization models
			Types of BSC optimization objectives
			Types of BSC optimization models
			Geographical information system (GIS)-based BSC design
		Simulation-based BSC models
	Challenges and issues in BSC design
		Technical challenges and issues related to BSC component
		Challenges and issues related to BSC modeling and decision-making
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
Fuzzy multicriteria decision making on ranking the biofuels production pathways
	Contents
	Introduction
	Fuzzy multicriteria decision making method
		Fuzzy concept
		Fuzzy multicriteria decision making
	Case study
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
Prioritization of biofuels production pathways under uncertainties
	Contents
	Introduction
	Interval multicriteria decision making method
		Interval numbers
		Interval AHP
		Interval gray relational analysis
	Case study
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
A multicriteria intuitionistic fuzzy group decision-making method for sustainability ranking of biofuel production pathways
	Introduction
	Methods
		Basics of intuitionistic fuzzy set
		Similarity measure-based multicriteria decision-making method
	Case study
	Conclusions
	References
An aggregated life cycle sustainability index for ranking biofuel production pathways
	Introduction
	Life cycle aggregated sustainability index of three biofuel production pathways
	Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W