Biofuel Technologies for a Sustainable Future: India and Beyond

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in India and Its Possibilities in the Future
	1.1: Introduction
	1.2: RenewableEnergy
		1.2.1: Biomass
		1.2.2: Biofuels
		1.2.3: Small Hydro
		1.2.4: Solar Energy
			1.2.4.1: Grid-connected
			1.2.4.2: Off-grid solar PV program
		1.2.5: Wind Energy
		1.2.6: Wasteto Energy
		1.2.7: Geothermal Energy
	1.3: Future of Renewable Energyin India
	1.4: Policy Gaps and Opportunities
	1.5: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Application of Green Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Systems: A Review of the Current Status
	2.1: Introduction
	2.2: Use of Nanotechnology for Improved Energy Efficiency
	2.3: Nanomaterials and Sustainability Issues
	2.4: Green Nanomaterials Enhancing the Sustainability in Energy Applications
		2.4.1: Green Reagents Used During Nanoparticle Synthesis
		2.4.2: Green Processes Involved in Nanoparticle Synthesis
		2.4.3: Biomass Based Green Nanotechnology in Energy Devices
	2.5: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Production of Energy from Biowaste: An Overview of the Underlying Biological Technologies
	3.1: Introduction
	3.2: Current Technologies for Energy Generation from Biowaste
	3.3: Anaerobic Digestion for Generation of Biogas
	3.4: Microbial Fermentation for Bioethanol Generation
	3.5: Microbial Fermentation for Bio-Hydrogen Generation
	3.6: Transesterification for Biodiesel Generation
	3.7: Discussion on Potential Challenges and Solutions for Biofuel Generation
	3.8: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon Supported Metal Oxides in Catalytic Cracking Activity
	4.1: Introduction
	4.2: Experimental Procedures
		4.2.1: Material
		4.2.2: Catalyst Preparation
		4.2.3: Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oil
		4.2.4: Product Analysis
	4.3: Results and Discussion
		4.3.1: Properties of Waste Cooking Oil
		4.3.2: Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oil
			4.3.2.1: Activated carbon-based catalysts
			4.3.2.2: Activated carbon supported metal oxides
		4.3.3: Characterization of Activated Carbon Supported Metal Catalysts
			4.3.3.1: X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
			4.3.3.2: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
			4.3.3.3: Temperature programmed desorption (TPD)
			4.3.3.4: Catalyst stability test
	4.4: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Biofuels – Are they a Sustainable Alternative?
	5.1: Introduction
	5.2: Abstraction of Biofuels from Food
		5.2.1: Water Resources
			5.2.1.1: Availability of water
			5.2.1.2: Stored water assets
	5.3: Water Usage
		5.3.1: Usage of Water in the Growing Crop
	5.4: Biofuels and their Energy Content [31]
	5.5: Is Biomass is a form of Solar Energy [31]
	5.6: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Current Research Trends on the Utilization of Mono and Hybrid Nano-Fluids for Solar Energy Applications
	6.1: Introduction
	6.2: Nano-Fluids as Smart Fluids
		6.2.1: Hybrid Nano-Fluid
	6.3: Utilization of Mono/Hybrid Nano-Fluids in Solar Energy
		6.3.1: Solar Collectors (SCs)
		6.3.2: Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System
		6.3.3: Solar Desalination
	6.4: Challenges with Nano-Fluid-Based Solar Technologies
	6.5: Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 7: Modification and Application of Vegetable Oils for Biofuels
	7.1: Introduction
	7.2: History of Vegetable Oil as a Fuel
	7.3: Transesterification of Vegetable Oil
	7.4: Biodiesel Feedstock
		7.4.1: Palm Oil
		7.4.2: Sunflower Oil
		7.4.3: Soybean Oil
		7.4.4: Rapeseed Oil/Canola Oil
		7.4.5: Rice Bran Oil
		7.4.6: Jatropha
		7.4.7: Used Cooking Oil
	7.5: Biodiesel
	7.6: The Current Senior of Biodiesel Derive from Vegetable Oil
	7.7: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: A Green Automotive Industry for a Sustainable Future
	8.1: Introduction
	8.2: Scope of Development in Conventional Internal Combustion (IC) Engine
	8.2.1: Possibility of Improvement in Short Term
		8.2.1.1: Improvement in engine construction
		8.2.1.2: Exhaust treatment systems
		8.2.1.3: Changes in fuel for the IC engines
	8.2.2: Possibility of Improvement in Long Term
		8.2.2.1: Gasoline compression ignition (GCI)
		8.2.2.2: Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) system
		8.2.2.3: Octane on demand (OOD)
		8.2.2.4: Opposed piston engines
	8.3: Green Engine Technology
		8.3.1: Technical features of green engine
		8.3.2: Working of Green Engine
	8.4: Hybrid Vehicles (HVs)
		8.4.1: The Definition of Hybrid Vehicles (HVs)
		8.4.2: Types of Hybrid Vehicles
			8.4.2.1: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
			8.4.2.2: Hybrid solar vehicle (HSVs)
			8.4.2.3: Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEVs)
		8.4.3: Need HVs to Replace Conventional ICs and EVs-Why & Why Not??
	8.5: Hydrogen Fuel IC Engines (H2-ICEs)
		8.5.1: Fundamental of H2-ICEs
		8.5.2: Types of Advanced H2-ICEs
			8.5.2.1: Pressure Based H2ICE
			8.5.2.2: Liquid-hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (l-H2-ICEs)
			8.5.2.3: Direct-injection hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (DI-H2ICE)
			8.5.2.4: H2-ICE-electric hybrid
	8.6: Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Thermochemical Conversions of Contaminated Biomass for Sustainable Phytoremediation
	9.1: Introduction
	9.2: Biomass Fuels Contaminated with Heavy Metals
	9.3: Combustion
		9.3.1: Fundamentals of Solid Biomass Combustion
		9.3.2: Fluidized Bed Combustion for Solid Biomass Fuels
		9.3.3: Ash Formation and Fate of Heavy Metals During Combustion of Solid Fuels
		9.3.4: Combustion Relevant for phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
	9.4: Gasification
		9.4.1: Gasification Fundamentals
		9.4.2: Gasification Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
	9.5: Pyrolysis
		9.5.1: Pyrolysis Fundamentals
		9.5.2: Pyrolysis Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
	9.6: Hydrothermal Processing
		9.6.1: Fundamentals of Hydrothermal Treatments of Biomass
		9.6.2: Hydrothermal Treatments Relevant for Phytoremediation Plant Biomass Contaminated with Heavy Metals
	9.7: Conclusionand Perspective
	References
Index
About the Editors