Biofluid Mechanics: An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Macrocirculation, and Microcirculation (Biomedical Engineering)

BIOFLUID MECHANICS
Copyright
Quotes on Engineering, Science, Research, and Related Matters
Preface
	Ancillaries
	Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
	1.1 Note to students about this textbook
	1.2 Biomedical engineering
	1.3 Scope of fluid mechanics
	1.4 Scope of biofluid mechanics
	1.5 Dimensions and units
	1.6 Salient biofluid mechanics dimensionless numbers
	Summary
	Reference
2. Fundamentals of fluid mechanics
	2.1 Fluid mechanics introduction
	2.2 Fundamental fluid mechanics equations
	2.3 Analysis methods
	2.4 Fluid as a continuum
	2.5 Elemental stress and pressure
	2.6 Kinematics: Velocity, acceleration, rotation, and deformation
	2.7 Viscosity
	2.8 Fluid motions
	2.9 Two-phase flows
	2.10 Changes in the fundamental relationships on the microscale
	2.11 Fluid structure interaction
	2.12 Introduction to turbulent flows and the relationship of turbulence to biological systems
	Summary
	References
3. Conservation laws
	3.1 Fluid statics equations
	3.2 Buoyancy
	3.3 Conservation of mass
	3.4 Conservation of momentum
	3.5 Momentum equation with acceleration
	3.6 The first and second laws of thermodynamics
	3.7 The Navier–Stokes equations
	3.8 Bernoulli equation
	Summary
	Reference
4. Introduction to heat transfer
	4.1 Thermodynamics and engineering heat transfer
	4.2 Heat and energy considerations
	4.3 Energy transfer and balances
	4.4 Mechanisms of heat transfer
	4.5 General heat transfer equations
	Summary
	References
5. The heart
	5.1 Cardiac physiology
	5.2 Cardiac conduction system and electrocardiogram
	5.3 The cardiac cycle
	5.4 Heart motion
	5.5 Heart valve function
	5.6 Heart valve dynamics
	5.7 Disease conditions
		5.7.1 Coronary artery disease
		5.7.2 Myocardial infarction
		5.7.3 Heart valve diseases
		5.7.4 Congenital heart diseases
	Summary
	References
6. Blood flow in arteries and veins
	6.1 Arterial system physiology
	6.2 Venous system physiology
	6.3 Blood cells and plasma
	6.4 Blood rheology
	6.5 Pressure, flow, and resistance: arterial system
	6.6 Pressure, flow, and resistance: venous system
	6.7 Windkessel model for blood flow∗
	6.8 Wave propagation in arterial circulation
	6.9 Flow separation at bifurcations and at walls
	6.10 Flow through tapering and curved channels
	6.11 Pulsatile flow and turbulence
	6.12 Womersley flow and solution
	6.13 Oscillatory blood flow and oscillatory shear index
	6.14 Disease conditions
		6.14.1 Arteriosclerosis, stroke, and high blood pressure
		6.14.2 Platelet activation and thromboembolism
		6.14.3 Aneurysm
	Summary
	References
7. Microvascular beds
	7.1 Microcirculation physiology
	7.2 Endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell physiology
	7.3 Local control of blood flow
	7.4 Pressure distribution throughout the microvascular beds
	7.5 Velocity distribution throughout the microvascular beds
	7.6 Interstitial space pressure and velocity
	7.7 Hematocrit/Fahraeus–Lindquist effect/Fahraeus effect
	7.8 Plug flow in capillaries
	7.9 Characteristics of two-phase flow
	7.10 Interactions between cells and the vessel wall
	7.11 Disease conditions
		7.11.1 Shock and tissue necrosis
		7.11.2 Edema
	Summary
	References
8. Mass transport and heat transfer in the microcirculation
	8.1 Gas diffusion
	8.2 Glucose transport
	8.3 Vascular permeability
	8.4 Energy considerations
	8.5 Transport through porous media
	8.6 Microcirculatory heat transfer
	8.7 Cell transfer during inflammation and white blood cell rolling and sticking
	Summary
	References
9. The lymphatic system
	9.1 Lymphatic physiology
	9.2 Lymph formation
	9.3 Flow through the lymphatic system
	9.4 Disease conditions
		9.4.1 Cancer metastasis by the lymphatic system
		9.4.2 Lymphedema
	Summary
	References
10. Flow in the lungs
	10.1 Lung physiology
	10.2 Elasticity of the lung blood vessels and alveoli
	10.3 Pressure-volume relationship for airflow in the lungs
	10.4 Cardiopulmonary flows: ventilation perfusion matching
	10.5 Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion
	10.6 Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood
	10.7 Compressible fluid flow
	10.8 Disease conditions
		10.8.1 Emphysema
		10.8.2 Asthma
		10.8.3 Tuberculosis
	Summary
	References
11. Intraocular fluid flow
	11.1 Eye physiology
	11.2 Eye blood supply, circulation, and drainage
	11.3 Aqueous humor formation
	11.4 Aquaporins
	11.5 Flow of aqueous humor
	11.6 Intraocular pressure
	11.7 Disease conditions
		11.7.1 Glaucoma
		11.7.2 Cataracts
	Summary
	References
12. Lubrication of joints and transport in bone
	12.1 Skeletal physiology
	12.2 Bone vascular anatomy and fluid phases
	12.3 Formation of synovial fluid
	12.4 Synovial fluid flow
	12.5 Mechanical forces within joints
	12.6 Transport of molecules in bone
	12.7 Disease conditions
		12.7.1 Synovitis
		12.7.2 Bursitis and tenosynovitis
	Summary
	References
13. Flow through the kidney
	13.1 Kidney physiology
	13.2 Distribution of blood in the kidney
	13.3 Glomerular filtration and dynamics
	13.4 Tubule reabsorption and secretion
	13.5 Single nephron filtration rate
	13.6 Peritubular capillary flow
	13.7 Sodium balance and transport of important molecules
	13.8 Autoregulation of kidney blood flow
	13.9 Compartmental analysis for urine formation
	13.10 Extracorporeal flows: dialysis
	13.11 Disease conditions
		13.11.1 Renal calculi
		13.11.2 Kidney disease
	Summary
	References
14. Splanchnic circulation: Liver and spleen
	14.1 Liver and spleen physiology
	14.2 Hepatic and splenic blood flow
	14.3 Hepatic and splenic microcirculation
	14.4 Storage and release of blood in the liver
	14.5 Active and passive components of the splanchnic circulation
	14.6 Innervation of the spleen
	14.7 Disease conditions
		14.7.1 Hepatitis
		14.7.2 Alcoholic and fatty liver disease
		14.7.3 Splenomegaly
	Summary
	References
15. In silico biofluid mechanics
	15.1 Computational fluid dynamics
	15.2 Fluid structure interaction modeling
	15.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem and dynamic similarity
	15.4 Current state of the art for biofluid mechanics in silico research
	15.5 Future directions of biofluid mechanics in silico research
	Summary
	References
16. In vitro biofluid mechanics
	16.1 Particle imaging velocimetry
	16.2 Laser Doppler velocimetry
	16.3 Flow chambers: parallel plate and cone-and-plate viscometry
	16.4 Lab-on-a-chip and lithography
	16.5 Current state of the art for biofluid mechanics in vitro research
	16.6 Future directions of biofluid mechanics in vitro research
	Summary
	References
17. In vivo biofluid mechanics
	17.1 Live animal preparations
	17.2 Doppler ultrasound
	17.3 Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging
	17.4 Review of other techniques
	17.5 Current state of the art for biofluid mechanics in vivo research
	17.6 Future directions of biofluid mechanics in vivo research
	Summary
	References
Further readings
	Biomedical Engineering/Biomechanics
	Cell Biology/Anatomy and Physiology
	Fluid Mechanics/Heat Transfer
	Solid Mechanics/Statics and Dynamics
Index
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