Bioethanol Production: Past and Present

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Bioethanol: An Overview of Current Status and Future Direction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Global Trends
	1.3 Bioethanol Production
		1.3.1 1G Bioethanol
		1.3.2 2G Bioethanol
		1.3.3 3G Bioethanol
	1.4 Industrial Scenario of Bioethanol-Based Sanitizers
	1.5 Use of Bioethanol as Transport Fuel and Challenges
	1.6 Biorefinery with Bioethanol Production: Beyond Fuel
		1.6.1 Value-Added Chemicals
		1.6.2 Nanomaterials
		1.6.3 Weed Biomass
		1.6.4 Municipal Solid Waste
		1.6.5 Agricultural Biomass
	1.7 Summary
	References
2 Understanding of Different Processing Technologies for Bioethanol Production
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Feedstocks for the Production of Bioethanol
	2.3 Different Processing Technologies for Bioethanol Production
		2.3.1 Concept of Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) Process
		2.3.2 Concept of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Process
		2.3.3 Concept of Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-fermentation (SSCF) Process
		2.3.4 CBP (Consolidated Bioprocessing)
	2.4 Summary
	References
3 Current Trends in Pretreatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production: Biorefinery Concept
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
	3.3 Pretreatment: A Necessity
	3.4 Types of Pretreatment
		3.4.1 Conventional Pretreatments
		3.4.2 Advanced Pretreatments
	3.5 Recent Studies on Different Pretreatment Methods
		3.5.1 Physical Pretreatment
		3.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment
		3.5.3 Physical–Chemical Methods
		3.5.4 Biological Methods
	3.6 Estimation of the Cost of Several Pretreatment Processes for a Biorefinery Based on Lignocellulosic Feedstock
	3.7 Pretreatment Technology Bottlenecks and Future Prospects
	References
4 A Feasible Approach for Bioethanol Production Using Conventional and New Feedstocks
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Conventional Feedstocks for Production of Bioethanol
		4.2.1 Cereal Based Substrates for Synthesis of Bioethanol
		4.2.2 Cereal Based Substrates Derived from Agro-residues for Synthesis of Ethanol
	4.3 An Account of New Feedstocks for Production of Bioethanol
		4.3.1 Utilization of Energy Crops
		4.3.2 Exploitation of Forest Biomass
		4.3.3 Utilization of Agricultural Residues
		4.3.4 Use of Industrial Waste
		4.3.5 Municipal Waste Utilization
	4.4 Genetic Engineering for Enhancing the Production Yield of Bioethanol
	4.5 Aquatic Weeds: Novel Substrate for Production of Bioethanol
	4.6 Role of Nanotechnology for Advanced Ethanol Production
	4.7 Global Scenario for Production of Ethanol in Coming Future
	References
5 Potential of Weed Biomass for Bioethanol Production
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Chemical Makeup of Lignocellulosic Weeds Biomass
	5.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
	5.4 Fermentation
	5.5 Summary
	References
6 Valorization of Organic Fraction of MSW for Bioethanol Production
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Current Status of MSW
	6.3 Importance of Liquid Biofuels
	6.4 Production of Bioethanol from Organic Fraction of MSW
		6.4.1 Pretreatment
		6.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
		6.4.3 Fermentation
		6.4.4 Recovery of Ethanol
	6.5 Role of Circular Economy
	6.6 Techno-economic Challenges in the Production of Fuel from OFMSW
	6.7 Utilization of MSW for Commercial Scale
	6.8 Impact on Environmental Aspect
	6.9 Economics of Conversion from MSW to Energy
	6.10 Future Recommendations
	6.11 Summary
	References
7 Algae as Potential Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Algal Bioethanol
	7.3 Cultivation of Algae
		7.3.1 Laboratory Cultivation
		7.3.2 Raceway Ponds
		7.3.3 Photobioreactor Systems (PBRs)
		7.3.4 Wastewater
	7.4 Harvesting of Algal Biomass
	7.5 Pretreatment and Saccharification of Algal Biomass
		7.5.1 Pretreatment and Hydrolysis for Production of Sugar
	7.6 Fermentation of Algal Sugars
	7.7 Summary
	References
8 Integrated Biorefinery and Bioethanol Production
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Concept of Biorefinery
	8.3 Bioethanol
	8.4 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery for Production of Bioethanol
		8.4.1 Pretreatment of LCB Feedstock
		8.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
		8.4.3 Fermentation
	8.5 Summary
	References
9 Bioethanol: A Fermentation Feedstock for Synthesis of Bulk Chemicals
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Bioethanol as Fermentation Feedstock
	9.3 Two-Stage Fermentation
	9.4 How Does Ethanol Have Potential to Act as a Fermentation Feedstock?
	9.5 Summary
	References
10 Bioethanol and Biohydrogen Production from Agricultural Waste
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Agricultural Biomass
	10.3 Why Agricultural Waste Should Be Used?
	10.4 Agricultural Waste for Production of Biohydrogen
	10.5 Bioethanol as Sustainable and Eco-friendly Biofuel
	10.6 Physicochemical Characteristics of Ethanol
	10.7 Ethanol Production from Crop Residues
	10.8 Production of Ethanol from Some Promising Agricultural Feedstock (Based on Data)
	10.9 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol
		10.9.1 Processing and Pretreatments
		10.9.2 Enzymatic Saccharification of Pretreated Biomass
		10.9.3 Fermentation and Product Recovery
	10.10 Environment Aspects of Bioethanol
	10.11 Summary
	References
11 Ethanogenic Bacteria: Present Status for Bioethanol Production
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Current State of Bacteria Developed for Ethanol Production
		11.2.1 E. coli Genetic Engineering for Ethanol Production
		11.2.2 Engineering in Z. mobilis for Bioethanol Production
		11.2.3 Engineered Klebsilla for Bioethanol Production
		11.2.4 Engineering Bacillus for Production of Bioethanol
	11.3 Different Methods to Improve Production of Bioethanol
		11.3.1 Engineering for Utilization of Lignocellulosic Feedstock
		11.3.2 Genetic Engineering
		11.3.3 Selection of Microbes and Cultural Conditions
		11.3.4 Engineering for Biofuel Tolerance
	11.4 Current Status of Production and Future Perspective
	11.5 Summary
	References
12 Ethanol Production from Xylose Through GM Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Pathways of Xylose Utilization
	12.3 Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase Expression
	12.4 XI Expression
	12.5 Factors Limiting Xylose Metabolism in S. cerevisiae
		12.5.1 Uptake of Xylose
		12.5.2 Redox Imbalance from Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase
		12.5.3 Xylulokinase
		12.5.4 Non-oxidant Pentose Phosphate Enzymes Transketolase or Transaldolase
	12.6 Host Strain Selection for Xylose Metabolized Fermentation
	12.7 Modification of Xylose-Efficient S. cerevisiae Strains
	12.8 Summary
	References
13 Prospects of Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Nanomaterials
	13.3 Pretreatment
	13.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
	13.5 Bioethanol Production Using Various Nanomaterials
	13.6 Summary
	References
14 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in GHG Emission and Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) of Bioethanol Production
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Life Cycle Analysis for Bioethanol Production
	14.3 Techno-economic Analysis of Bioethanol Production
	References
15 Opportunities and Challenges for Use of Bioethanol as Transport Fuel: A Global Perspective
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Transportation Fuel
	15.3 Effect on Engine Performance
	15.4 Summary
	References