Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for Action

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive Summary
Chapter 1.  Synthesis and key messages
	1.1. A critical opportunity for transformative action on biodiversity
	1.2. Global biodiversity loss and the international context
	1.3. The socio-economic case for action
	1.4. The business case for action
	1.5. Opportunities for cost-effective restoration
	1.6. Data and indicator gaps on pressures and responses relevant to biodiversity
	1.7. Global biodiversity finance: A preliminary update
	1.8. Opportunities to scale up action for biodiversity
Chapter 2.  Global biodiversity loss and the international context
	2.1. Biodiversity picture and international context
	2.2. Threats and pressures on biodiversity
	2.3. State of terrestrial, marine and other aquatic biodiversity
		2.3.1. Trends in species and populations
		2.3.2.  Trends in the extent and state of ecosystems
	References
	Notes
Chapter 3.  The socio-economic case for biodiversity action
	3.1. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: the foundation of economic development and human well-being
	3.2. The economic values of biodiversity and costs of inaction across multiple policy areas
		3.2.1. Biodiversity and human health
		3.2.2. Biodiversity and food
		3.2.3. Biodiversity and water security
		3.2.4. Biodiversity, climate change and disaster risk
	3.3. Reflecting the true value of biodiversity in national decision-making
	References
	Notes
Chapter 4.  The business case for biodiversity action
	4.1. Business and biodiversity: Dependencies, impacts, costs and risks
		4.1.1. Dependencies, impacts and costs
		4.1.2. Risks
			Risks to business and financial organisations
			Responsible business conduct risks to society and the environment
	4.2. Business opportunities for biodiversity and ecosystem services
	4.3. Signs of progress
		4.3.1. Increasing awareness from businesses
		4.3.2. Emerging business commitments
		4.3.3. Towards a framework for integrating biodiversity in business and investment decision-making
			Goals and targets
			Biodiversity metrics, measurement and accounting approaches
			Key areas to integrate biodiversity in business and investment decisions
	4.4. The role of policy makers and other stakeholders in addressing barriers to business actions for biodiversity
		4.4.1. Challenges and opportunities for integrating biodiversity in business and investment decisions
		4.4.2. Policy and regulatory tools to integrate biodiversity in business and investment decisions
	References
	Notes
Chapter 5.  Opportunities for cost-effective restoration
	5.1. The rationale for ecosystem restoration
	5.2. Opportunities for cost-effective restoration
	5.3. Putting restoration into practice
	References
	Notes
Chapter 6.  Data and indicator gaps on pressures and responses
	6.1. The need to improve data and indicators on biodiversity pressures and responses
	6.2. The current status of data and indicators to monitor pressures and responses
	6.3. A proposal for headline indicators in the post-2020 framework
	6.4. Data and indicator gaps
		6.4.1. Pressures
		6.4.2. Responses (i.e. actions)
	6.5. Addressing data and indicator gaps
	References
	Notes
Chapter 7.  Global biodiversity finance: a preliminary update
	7.1. A conceptual framework for biodiversity finance flows
	7.2. Finance flows for biodiversity
		7.2.1. Finance flows as reported to the Convention on Biological Diversity Clearing House Mechanism
		7.2.2. Finance flows as reported in other data sets
			Subsidies beneficial to biodiversity
			Official development assistance and other flows
			Debt-for-Nature Swaps
			Private finance flows for biodiversity
			Biodiversity-relevant bonds
			Philanthropy
			Other biodiversity funds
	7.3. Overview of estimated finance flows for biodiversity
	7.4. Potentially environmental harmful finance flows
	References
	Notes
Chapter 8.  Opportunities to scale up action on biodiversity
	8.1. Pursue a robust post-2020 global biodiversity framework with specific, measurable and quantitative targets
	8.2. Mobilise non-state actors through the Sharm El-Sheikh to Kunming Action Agenda for Nature and People in the lead-up to COP15 in 2020
	8.3. Promote policy coherence to harness synergies and reduce trade-offs for biodiversity
	8.4. Scale up policy instruments for biodiversity and get the economic incentives right
	8.5. Scale up and align finance for biodiversity from all sources
	8.6. Establish consistent and comparable finance reporting and tracking frameworks, across countries and companies
	8.7. Reform subsidies harmful to biodiversity
	8.8. Facilitate mainstreaming of biodiversity by business and financial organisations
	8.9. Assess and communicate socio-economic dependencies and impacts on biodiversity at the national level
	8.10. Ensure inclusive and equitable transformative change
	References
	Notes
	Ecological risks on operations
	Liability risks
	Regulatory risks
	Reputational risks
	Market risks
	Financial risks
	Materiality of risks
	Targets and goals
	Metrics and indicators
	Biodiversity measurement approaches for businesses and financial institutions
	Strategy
	Governance
	Impact assessment and risk management
	Due Diligence
	Disclosure and external reporting
	Voluntary industry standards and certification schemes
	Internal and external communication
Annex A. Biodiversity-related risks to businesses
Annex B. Translating international biodiversity goals into corporate biodiversity goals
Annex C. Targets, goals, metrics, indicators and measurement approaches of biodiversity for businesses and financial organisations
Annex D. Integrating biodiversity into business and finance decision-making process
Annex E. Policy and regulatory tools to help businesses and investors integrate biodiversity
Annex F. Role of innovation in addressing data gaps
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