Biodiversity in Environmental Assessment: Enhancing Ecosystem Services for Human Well-Being (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation)

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Abbreviations......Page 18
Part I Setting the stage......Page 21
1 Introduction......Page 23
Organisation of the book......Page 26
Summary of chapters......Page 27
Introduction......Page 34
The biodiversity convention: a broad view......Page 35
The Ecosystem approach: biodiversity and humankind are inseparable entities......Page 45
Identifying relevant biodiversity-related issues......Page 54
Aspects of biodiversity provide focus to describe impacts......Page 61
Composition: what there is and how abundant it is (see Box 2.10)......Page 63
Structure: how biological units are organised in time and space......Page 65
Key processes: processes of key importance for the creation and/or maintenance of ecosystems......Page 70
The challenge: linking impacts on biodiversity to ecosystem services......Page 72
Introduction......Page 79
Biodiversity and development: conflicting goals or complementary objectives?......Page 80
Conserving biodiversity for sustainable development: priorities and challenges......Page 83
Challenges for impact assessment......Page 86
Biodiversity, human security, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)......Page 88
MDG-1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger......Page 89
MDG-2: Achieve universal primary education......Page 91
MDG-3: Promote gender equality and empower women......Page 92
MDG-5: Improve maternal health......Page 94
MDG-6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases......Page 95
MDG-7: Ensure environmental sustainability......Page 96
Linking biodiversity and climate change......Page 97
Conclusions......Page 100
What is to be sustained (e.g. the perpetuity of benefits from biodiversity and ecosystems within project area?)......Page 101
What is to be developed (e.g. economic benefits?)......Page 102
How is the sustainability of resources linked to the processes that define development?......Page 103
Part II Assessment tools......Page 105
Introduction......Page 107
History of the framework......Page 109
Three subsystems......Page 111
The biophysical subsystem: supply of ecosystem services......Page 114
The societal subsystem: stakeholders and the demand for ecosystem services......Page 117
Stakeholders......Page 118
Values......Page 120
Linkages to the MA framework......Page 121
Activities and effects: direct drivers of change......Page 123
Impacts on ecosystem services and human well-being......Page 128
Social effects and social impacts......Page 131
Complex problems and boundary crossing......Page 132
Knowledge: salience, credibility, and legitimacy......Page 133
Interdisciplinarity: boundary concepts, boundary objects, and boundary settings......Page 135
Boundary concepts......Page 136
Boundary objects......Page 137
Boundary settings......Page 139
Conclusion: the importance of boundary work......Page 140
Appendix to Chapter 4: indicative list of ecosystem services......Page 141
Introduction......Page 145
Origins and early development of EIA and SEA......Page 146
Generally accepted procedural framework, with existing variations......Page 149
Effectiveness of EIA......Page 152
State of the art: what is needed for effective EIA?......Page 156
Current thinking......Page 157
Parallel to or integrated within a planning process?......Page 159
SEA is not EIA......Page 161
Effectiveness of SEA......Page 162
State of the art: what is needed for effective SEA?......Page 165
New thinking and challenges in EIA and SEA......Page 167
Introduction......Page 174
Treatment of biodiversity in EIA: the experience so far......Page 176
Existing guidance for inclusion of biodiversity in EIA......Page 178
Mainstreaming biodiversity in EIA: a stepwise explanation......Page 184
Screening......Page 185
Step 1......Page 192
Step 2......Page 193
Step 3......Page 194
Scoping......Page 195
Suggested approach for incorporating biodiversity in scoping......Page 198
Alternatives and mitigation......Page 200
Impact analyses......Page 205
Reporting......Page 210
Review......Page 212
Decision making......Page 213
Follow-up......Page 215
Appendix 6A: Indicative set of screening criteria to be further elaborated at national level......Page 218
Appendix 6B: Mitigation hierarchy and illustrative examples of various approaches and options......Page 219
Biodiversity in SEA: a new field of expertise......Page 225
The approach in this chapter......Page 231
Views on SEA and biodiversity......Page 234
Why special attention to biodiversity in SEA?......Page 236
Ecological reasons......Page 237
Reasons linked to social and economic development......Page 238
Formal legal obligations......Page 240
Practical reason — Facilitation of stakeholder identification......Page 243
Biodiversity 'triggers' for SEA......Page 244
Trigger 1: The area influenced by the policy, plan, or programme provides important ecosystem services......Page 249
Trigger 2: The policy, plan, or programme is concerned with interventions producing direct drivers of change......Page 251
Triggers 1 and 2 combined: activities and intervention area both defined......Page 253
Trigger 3: Interventions as indirect drivers of change......Page 262
Dealing with uncertainty......Page 265
Conclusions......Page 268
Part III Emerging issues......Page 273
Background......Page 275
Biodiversity offset: Concept and definition......Page 276
Policy context......Page 277
Legal and regulatory provisions......Page 279
Voluntary approaches......Page 283
Objectives of implementing biodiversity offsets......Page 284
Relevance of biodiversity offset as a mainstreaming instrument......Page 286
Demarking sites of conservation importance to ensure protection......Page 288
Removal of threats......Page 290
Market-based approaches for biodiversity offsets......Page 291
Subsidies, grants, and funds......Page 292
Bond and funds for mitigating anticipated impacts......Page 294
Acquisition of land with high conservation values through open land markets......Page 295
Payments for conservation and management of biodiversity......Page 296
Creating markets for biodiversity conservation......Page 297
Framework and ground rules for implementing offsets......Page 298
Challenges in implementing biodiversity offsets......Page 300
Identifying conservation strategies that make an offset......Page 301
Defining the appropriateness of scales and location......Page 302
The problem of defining currency to assess gains from offsets......Page 303
Barriers for implementing offsets......Page 304
Conclusion......Page 305
Introduction......Page 307
Influential cases......Page 309
Valuation of ecosystem services......Page 324
Identification and recognition......Page 326
Quantification of ecosystem services......Page 327
Societal valuation......Page 329
Economic valuation......Page 330
Market prices......Page 333
Replacement cost......Page 334
Production function......Page 335
Hedonic pricing......Page 336
Contingent valuation......Page 337
Choice modelling......Page 338
Recognising ecosystem services: a first step towards more transparent and engaged decision making......Page 340
Methodological complexities do not necessarily hinder influential decision making......Page 341
Insight in the distribution of ecosystem service benefits, highlight, poverty, and equity issues......Page 343
SEA and planning processes are enhanced by the identification and quantification of ecosystem services......Page 344
Decision making supported by relevant information......Page 345
Valuing ecosystem services directly facilitates sustainability......Page 346
Climate change......Page 348
Stakeholder participation: the ecosystem approach in practice......Page 349
Capacity development and institutional issues......Page 351
Sustainability assessment, integrated assessment, and more......Page 352
West Delta Water Conservation and Irrigation Rehabilitation Project, Egypt......Page 354
Introduction to the case......Page 355
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 356
Assessment context......Page 357
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 358
Decision making......Page 360
SEA boundary conditions......Page 361
Aral Sea Wetland Restoration Strategy......Page 363
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 364
Assessment context......Page 365
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 366
Valuation of ecosystem services in the CBA of the pilot programme......Page 369
Decision making......Page 370
SEA boundary conditions......Page 371
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 372
Assessment context......Page 373
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 374
Decision making......Page 376
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 378
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 379
Climate policies and the Stern Review......Page 381
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 382
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 383
Decision making......Page 385
Introduction to the case......Page 388
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 389
Assessment context......Page 390
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 391
Decision making......Page 393
Introduction to the case......Page 394
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 395
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 397
Decision making......Page 399
Introduction to the case......Page 400
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 401
Implementation of PES......Page 402
Funding sources for PES scheme......Page 403
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 404
Introduction to the case......Page 407
Context of the case study: the planning process......Page 408
Ecosystem services and valuation......Page 409
Decision making......Page 411
Assessment context......Page 412
Replacement costs of birds and mammals......Page 413
Tourism industry......Page 415
Decision making......Page 416
References......Page 418
Index......Page 454