Biodiversity in Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology)

Cover......Page 1
ISBN-13: 9781566702904......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
The Editors......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 12
Functional Diversity......Page 14
SOIL MICROORGANISMS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 15
Rhizosphere......Page 16
MICROBIAL IMPACTS ON AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 17
Plant Growth......Page 18
Soil Structure......Page 19
Cropping Systems......Page 20
POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL INDICATORS......Page 21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
ROLE OF SOIL PROTOZOA......Page 29
MEASURING PROTOZOAN BIODIVERSITY......Page 30
APPLICATIONS......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 33
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SOIL FAUNA......Page 38
Plant Feeders......Page 39
Microbial Feeders......Page 40
ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES......Page 41
VALUE OF DIVERSITY......Page 43
AGRICULTURAL DISTURBANCES......Page 44
Cultivation......Page 45
Fertilization......Page 46
Pesticides......Page 48
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
CONTENTS......Page 57
Biodiversity Crisis......Page 58
Key Beneficials in Agroecosystems......Page 59
Natural Enemy Spectrum, Selection, and Adaptation......Page 60
Beneficial Introductions and Specificity......Page 61
Habitat Management, Crop Structure, and Diversity......Page 62
Food Sprays and Semiochemicals......Page 65
AUGMENTATION OF BENEFICIALS......Page 66
Landscape Ecology......Page 67
SUMMARY......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
INTRODUCTION......Page 76
THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF BIODIVERSITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 78
PATTERNS OF INSECT BIODIVERSITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 81
PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND INSECT STABILITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 83
PATTERNS OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND INSECT BIODIVERSITY......Page 86
CONCLUSION......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
INTRODUCTION......Page 92
Grazing Systems......Page 93
Mixed Farming Systems......Page 95
Industrial System......Page 96
The Plant Community......Page 97
Wildlife Interactions......Page 98
Technologies......Page 102
Policies......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
INTRODUCTION......Page 107
DEFINITIONS......Page 108
Sagebrush Steppe......Page 109
Climate......Page 110
Primary Producers......Page 111
Consumers......Page 112
Interactions among Plants, Animals, and Humans......Page 113
Preservation of Relatively Unaltered Ecosystems......Page 115
Alteration of Existing Heavily Grazed Stands......Page 118
Rehabilitation of Burned Sagebrush Steppe......Page 120
GUIDELINES FOR A NEW STYLE OF RANGELAND MANAGEMENT SENSITIVE TO BIODIVERSITY......Page 122
CONCLUSIONS......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
CONTENTS......Page 133
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION......Page 134
AGROFORESTRY......Page 135
DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISTRATA AGROFORESTS......Page 139
BIODIVERSE AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 142
FOREST PATCHES, BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ISLANDS, AND AGROFORESTRY......Page 143
DOMESTICATION OF TREES FOR TIMBER AND NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS......Page 145
COMMERCIALIZATION......Page 146
CONCLUSIONS......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
INTRODUCTION: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN WILDLIFE AND AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 152
Positive Effects of Agriculture on Wildlife......Page 154
Negative Effects of Agriculture on Wildlife......Page 155
Wildlife and Rice Cultivation......Page 156
Migratory Birds, Agroecosystems, and Agricultural Chemicals......Page 159
Agricultural Practices in Coffee Agroecosystems......Page 161
Trees as Row Crops: Plantation Forestry and Wildlife......Page 162
Loss of Biodiversity......Page 163
Change in Community Structure......Page 164
Recommendations for the Mitigation of Impacts......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
CONTENTS......Page 171
INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MODERN AGRICULTURE......Page 172
THE PRAIRIE MODEL......Page 174
Elements of the Prairie Model......Page 177
Perennials as Grains......Page 178
Species Diversity......Page 179
Question 1: Can a Perennial Grain Yield As Well As an Annual Grain?......Page 180
Question 3: Can a Perennial Polyculture Provide Its Own Nitrogen Fertility?......Page 182
Weeds......Page 183
Insect Pests......Page 185
Plant Disease......Page 186
COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY......Page 187
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 201
CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRESENT AGROLANDSCAPE......Page 203
THE CREATION OF AN “OXBOW” URBAN AREA......Page 204
LINKAGES BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN COMPONENTS OF THE LANDSCAPE......Page 205
LINKAGES BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABILITY......Page 208
TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY OF AGROLANDSCAPES......Page 211
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 213
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 214
REFERENCES......Page 215
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON AGROBIODIVERSITY......Page 219
STRATEGIES FOR IN SITU AGROBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES......Page 222
Multidimensional Criteria for Selection and Maintenance of Landraces......Page 223
Comparison of Scientific/Formal Approaches to Biodiversity Maintenance......Page 226
The Social Context of Community-Based Biodiversity Management......Page 228
Global Change and Plant Genetic Resources......Page 230
PATHWAYS TOWARD THE FUTURE......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 235
CONTENTS......Page 240
INTRODUCTION......Page 241
VALUING GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR AGROECOSYSTEMS: CONCERNS, CONCEPTS, AND CAUTIONS......Page 243
Popular Concerns: Perception and Misperception......Page 244
Conceptualizing the Sources of Economic Value......Page 245
The Concept of Public Goods......Page 246
Some Species and Varieties Have High Value to Humans......Page 247
Agricultural Genetic Diversity Protects Against Disastrous Disease and Pest Outbreaks......Page 248
Genetic Diversity for Agroecosystems: Distinctive Features......Page 249
APPROACHES TO VALUING GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 250
Varietal Diversity......Page 251
Diversity, Productivity, and Stability: Hedonic Valuation and Related Approaches......Page 253
Genetic Diversity as a Public Good......Page 254
Assessing the Value of Ex Situ Collections......Page 255
Estimating Option Values......Page 256
IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY......Page 257
Incentives for In Situ Conservation......Page 258
On-Farm Crop Improvement as an Incentive......Page 259
Research Impact......Page 260
Property Rights and Conservation......Page 261
CONCLUSIONS......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 269
THE NEED TO CONSERVE DIVERSITY......Page 271
Ex Situ Conservation......Page 274
In Situ Conservation......Page 276
Integrated Conservation Strategies......Page 277
Formal Systems......Page 278
Informal Systems......Page 279
LINKING CONSERVATION AND PLANT BREEDING......Page 280
CONCLUSIONS......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
INTRODUCTION......Page 285
EVOLUTION OF THE GLOBAL STRATEGY......Page 286
PRINCIPLES OF AnGR AND THE RATIONALE OF THE STRATEGY......Page 287
IMPERATIVES FOR ACTION......Page 291
THE GLOBAL STRATEGY......Page 292
FROM STRATEGY TO A GLOBAL INITIATIVE......Page 295
BENEFITS OF THE GLOBAL STRATEGY......Page 297
STRENGTHS AND INNOVATIVE FEATURES OF THE GLOBAL STRATEGY......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
CONTENTS......Page 301
CONFRONTING THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE: TECHNICAL VS. ADAPTIVE PROBLEMS......Page 302
Defining Agroecosystems......Page 303
Conserving, Maintaining, and Using Biodiversity......Page 305
Minimizing Chemical Inputs......Page 306
Findings......Page 307
Anticipating Adaptive Challenges for Developing Countries......Page 308
EXAMPLES FROM IBS SEMINARS: THE TECHNICAL AND ADAPTIVE CHALLENGES......Page 310
The Case of Durable Resistance to Rice Blast Fungus......Page 311
The Case of Bacillus thuringiensis and Transgenic Crops......Page 312
QUALITY INDICATORS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES — SYNTHESIS OF ABOVE DISCUSSION......Page 313
AGROECOSYSTEM QUALITY AND CHALLENGES AHEAD — ADAPTIVE PROBLEMS REVISITED......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316