Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications

Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 14
Part I Classification and development......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Biopolymers from natural origins......Page 21
1.3 Biopolymers from mineral origins......Page 38
1.5 References......Page 46
2.1 Introduction......Page 49
2.2 Mechanical and thermal properties of PHA......Page 54
2.3 Process development and scale up for microbial PHA production......Page 59
2.4 Applications of PHA......Page 65
2.6 References......Page 67
3.1 Introduction......Page 74
3.2 Polyolefin peroxidation......Page 75
3.3 Control of polyolefin lifetimes......Page 79
3.4 Oxidative degradation after use......Page 80
3.6 Applications of oxo-biodegradable polyolefins......Page 83
3.7 Environmental impact......Page 86
3.8 Future developments......Page 90
3.9 References......Page 91
4.2 Synthesis of aliphatic polyesters by ring-opening polymerisation......Page 94
4.3 Reactive extrusion......Page 104
4.4 Supercritical carbon dioxide as a medium for the ring-opening polymerisation of lactones and lactides and a processing aid......Page 108
4.5 Future developments......Page 118
4.7 Bibliography......Page 119
5.2 Poly(ester amide)s synthesis......Page 124
5.3 Polydepsipeptides......Page 141
5.6 References......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 157
6.2 Properties of starch......Page 158
6.3 Thermoplastic starch and their blends......Page 166
6.4 Modified thermoplastic starch polymers......Page 170
6.5 Commercial applications and products for thermoplastic starch polymers......Page 172
6.6 Thermoplastic starch polymers - looking beyond traditional polymer applications......Page 173
6.7 Future developments......Page 174
6.8 Further information......Page 175
6.10 References......Page 176
Part II Materials for production of biodegradable polymers......Page 180
7.1 Introduction......Page 182
7.2 Biodegradable polymers obtained from monosaccharides and disaccharides......Page 183
7.3 Biodegradable polymers obtained from synthetic polysaccharides......Page 190
7.4 Biodegradable polymers obtained from natural polysaccharides......Page 195
7.5 Future developments - \'biodegradable\' polymers obtained from hemicelluloses......Page 197
7.6 References......Page 201
8.1 Introduction......Page 206
8.2 Natural fibres as polymer reinforcement......Page 207
8.3 Natural fibre-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composites......Page 208
8.4 Natural fibre-polylactide (PLA) composites......Page 215
8.5 Natural fibre-starch composites......Page 220
8.6 Natural fibre-soy resin composites......Page 225
8.7 Natural fibres in combination with synthetic biodegradable polymers......Page 227
8.8 Commercial developments......Page 228
8.10 Further information......Page 230
8.11 References......Page 231
9.1 Lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable and value-added feedstock for biodegradable polymer production......Page 236
9.2 Cellulose: as a platform substrate for degradable polymer synthesis......Page 240
9.3 Hemicellulose and its application as a feedstock for biodegradable polymers......Page 243
9.4 Sources of further information......Page 261
9.6 References......Page 263
10.1 Introduction......Page 268
10.2 Properties of PLA......Page 269
10.3 Blends of PLA......Page 278
10.4 Plasticization of PLA-based bioplastics......Page 287
10.5 Aging and biodegradation......Page 292
10.6 Applications of PLA based bioplastics......Page 297
10.7 References......Page 298
11.1 Introduction......Page 306
11.2 Delaminating clay using ultrasonics......Page 310
11.4 Microstructure and mechanical properties of protein-nanoparticle composites......Page 315
11.5 Conclusion......Page 323
11.6 References......Page 324
Part III Properties and mechanisms of degradation......Page 328
12.1 Why standards are necessary......Page 330
12.2 Bio-based polymers......Page 333
12.3 The post-use treatment of plastics for the recovery of value......Page 334
12.4 Mechanisms of polymer biodegradation......Page 336
12.5 Laboratory studies......Page 339
12.6 The development of national and international standards for biodegradable plastics......Page 340
12.7 Lessons from the past and future developments......Page 346
12.8 Acknowledgements......Page 348
12.9 References......Page 349
13.1 Introduction......Page 353
13.2 Biodegradation......Page 354
13.3 Natural polymers......Page 357
13.4 Microbial polyesters......Page 358
13.6 Poly-lactic acid......Page 360
13.9 Poly(alkene succinate)......Page 362
13.11 Poly(orthoesters)......Page 363
13.14 Blends......Page 364
13.15 Water-soluble polymers......Page 365
13.16 Future developments......Page 366
13.18 References......Page 369
14.1 Introduction......Page 374
14.2 Biodegradation mechanism: overview......Page 376
14.3 Biodegradation mechanism of naturally occurring polymers......Page 379
14.4 Biodegradation mechanism of polyesters......Page 382
14.5 Biodegradation mechanism of polycarbonates and polyethers......Page 389
14.6 Biodegradation mechanism of poly(vinyl alcohol)......Page 393
14.7 Biodegradation mechanism of polyurethanes......Page 399
14.8 Biodegradation mechanism of poly(amino acid)......Page 401
14.9 Biodegradation mechanism of miscellaneous polymers......Page 406
14.10 Future trends......Page 410
14.11 Bibliography......Page 411
14.12 References......Page 412
15.1 Introduction......Page 428
15.2 Vinyl polymers......Page 431
15.3 Hydrolyzable polymers......Page 436
15.4 Natural biodegradable polymers......Page 440
15.5 Conclusion......Page 444
15.6 References......Page 445
Part IV Industrial applications......Page 452
16.1 Introduction......Page 454
16.2 Characteristics of packaging plastics......Page 456
16.3 Oxo-biodegradable polyolefins......Page 457
16.4 Disposal......Page 461
16.5 Recovery......Page 464
16.6 Environmental impact......Page 465
16.7 References......Page 466
17.1 Plasticulture......Page 468
17.2 Oxo-biodegradation of polyolefins in the environment......Page 481
17.3 The impact of degradable plastics on the environment......Page 483
17.4 Future developments......Page 487
17.6 References......Page 488
18.1 Introduction......Page 491
18.2 Generation of polycaprolactone foams......Page 494
18.3 Effect of processing conditions on the foaming cell......Page 497
18.4 Crystallinity of foamed polycaprolactone......Page 505
18.5 Conclusion......Page 507
18.6 References......Page 508
19.1 Introduction......Page 511
19.2 Materials applied in agriculture......Page 512
19.3 Evaluating properties of biodegradable materials in agriculture......Page 518
19.4 Market issues......Page 527
19.5 Conclusion......Page 530
19.6 Further information......Page 531
19.7 References......Page 532
Index......Page 534