Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Modification, Processing and Applications

Cover......Page 1
Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid):
Synthesis, Modification, Processing
and Applications......Page 4
ISBN 9783642175954......Page 5
About Author......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 14
2.2 Properties......Page 17
2.3.2 Fermentation......Page 20
2.3.2.2 Fermentation Process......Page 21
2.4 Separation and Purification of LA......Page 22
2.4.2 Crystallization......Page 23
2.4.3 Molecular Distillation......Page 24
2.5.2 Additives in Foods......Page 25
2.5.4 Applications in Detergents......Page 26
References......Page 27
3.1 Direct Polycondensation of Lactic acid......Page 28
3.2 Azeotropic Dehydrative Polycondensation of LA......Page 34
3.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide......Page 36
3.4.1 Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide......Page 37
3.4.2 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide......Page 39
3.4.3 Coordination-Insertion Polymerization of Lactide......Page 41
3.4.4 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide......Page 46
References......Page 48
4.1 Copolymerization of PLA......Page 51
4.1.1 Random and alternating copolymers of PLA......Page 52
4.1.2 Block Copolymers of PLA......Page 58
4.1.3 Multi-Block Copolymers of PLA......Page 65
4.1.4 Graft or Branched Copolymers of PLA......Page 67
4.1.5 Star-Shaped Copolymers of PLA......Page 69
4.1.6 Dendritic Copolymers of PLA......Page 78
4.2 PLA Blending......Page 81
4.2.1 PLA/HA......Page 82
4.2.2 PLA/PEG......Page 85
4.2.3 PLA/PHB......Page 91
4.2.4 PLLA/PDLA......Page 94
4.2.5 PLLA and PDLLA/PCL......Page 98
4.2.6 PLA /PBS......Page 104
4.2.7 PLA /PHEE......Page 107
4.2.9 PLA /PVA......Page 108
4.2.10 PLA/ PBAT......Page 110
4.3 Composites......Page 112
4.4.1 Additives for PLA......Page 113
4.4.1.1 Flame retardants......Page 114
4.4.1.2 Impact Modifier......Page 122
4.4.1.4 Photostabilizers......Page 125
4.4.1.5 Plasticizer......Page 127
4.4.1.6 Colourant and Disperse Dyes......Page 130
4.4.1.7 Compatibilizer......Page 134
4.4.2.1 PLA Crystal Structure......Page 137
4.4.1.2 PLLA Crystallization Behavior......Page 139
4.5.1 Core-Shell Impact Modifiers......Page 142
4.5.2.1 PLA-Silica Nanocomposites......Page 143
4.5.2.2 Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube......Page 145
4.5.2.3 Titanium Dioxide......Page 147
References......Page 149
5.1.1 PLA Injection Molding......Page 155
5.1.2 Controlling Crystallinity in Injection Molded PLA......Page 159
5.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Poly (L-Lactic Acid)......Page 160
5.1.4 Porous Lamellar Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds Made by Conventional Injection Molding Process......Page 161
5.1.5 Shear Controlled Orientation in Injection Molding of PLLA......Page 163
5.2 Spinning......Page 165
5.2.1 Melt Spinning of PLA......Page 166
5.2.1.1 Melting Spinning of PLA Blends......Page 170
5.2.1.2 Effect of Spinning Parameters on the Structure and Properties of PLAFibers......Page 172
5.2.2 Dry Spinning of PLA......Page 174
5.2.2.1 Morphology and Structures......Page 177
5.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties......Page 178
5.2.3 Wet Spinning of PLA......Page 180
5.2.4 Dry-Jet-Wet Spinning of PLA......Page 181
5.2.5 Dyeing of PLA Fibers......Page 183
5.2.6 Electrospinning of PLA Fibers......Page 186
5.3.1.1 Optical......Page 192
5.3.1.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties......Page 193
5.3.1.3 Time, Temperature and Humidity......Page 195
5.3.1.4 Heat Sealing Properties......Page 196
5.3.2.3 Blowing Film [92]......Page 197
5.3.3 Modification of Blown Film......Page 198
5.4 Foaming......Page 199
5.4.1 Modification of PLA and Its Foam......Page 200
5.4.2 Starch/PLLA Hybrid Foams......Page 203
5.4.3 PLA
/PBAT Blend Foams......Page 208
5.4.4 PLA Nanocomposite Foams......Page 214
References......Page 217
6.1 Packaging Materials......Page 221
6.2.1 PLA Fibers......Page 222
6.2.2.1 Commodity Application......Page 223
6.2.2.2 Medical Applications......Page 225
6.3 Engineering Plastic......Page 233
6.4 Disposable Ware......Page 235
6.4.1 What Is the Difference Between Biodegradable and Compostable?......Page 236
6.4.2 About PLA for Disposable Use......Page 237
6.4.3.2 Clear Cup......Page 239
6.4.3.3 Sauce Cup......Page 241
6.5.1 Biodegradable PLA and/or PCL Based Biodegradable HMAs......Page 242
6.5.2 PHBV and PEA Based on Biodegradable HMAs......Page 244
6.5.3 Natural Polymer Based on Biodegradable HMAs......Page 246
Reference......Page 249
7.1.1 Design Principles of Tisssue Engineering Scaffold......Page 253
7.1.2 PLA Materials and Modification for Tissue Eningeering Scaffold Application......Page 254
7.1.3 Surface Hydrophilicity Modifications......Page 257
7.1.4 Biomimetic ECM Modification......Page 258
7.1.5 PLA/Apatite Composite......Page 261
7.1.6 Preparation of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds......Page 263
7.1.8 Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching......Page 264
7.1.9 Gas Foaming......Page 265
7.2.1 Introduction to Drug Delivery Based on PLA......Page 266
7.2.2.1 Effect of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers......Page 267
7.2.2.3 Conclusion......Page 272
7.3.1 PLA Used For Surgical Sutures......Page 273
7.3.2 Ideal Filler for Soft Tissue Augmentation......Page 274
7.3.3 Mesh Insertion for Groin Hernia Repair......Page 277
Reference......Page 280
8 Standard and Test Methods......Page 286
8.1.2 Factors Affecting the Biodegradation Behaviour of PLA......Page 287
8.1.3.1 Mechanical Degradation......Page 288
8.1.3.4 Chemical Degradation......Page 289
8.1.4.1 Microbial Degradation of PLA......Page 293
8.1.4.2 Enzymatic Degradation of PLA......Page 294
8.2.1 Biodegradation Standards......Page 296
8.2.2 Different Certification Systems......Page 302
8.3.1 Visual Observation......Page 304
8.3.5 Respiration Tests......Page 305
8.3.6 Controlled Composting Test......Page 307
Reference......Page 308
Index......Page 310