Biodegradable and Environmental Applications of Bionanocomposites

Preface
Contents
1 Biodegradable Polymers and Their Bionanocomposites Based on Layered Silicates: Environmental Applications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biodegradable Polymers
	1.3 Biodegradable Polymer-Based Bionanocomposites
		1.3.1 Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites
		1.3.2 Starch/Clay Nanocomposites
		1.3.3 Alginate–Clay Nanocomposites
		1.3.4 Cellulose/Clay Nanocomposites
		1.3.5 Protein–Clay Nanocomposites
		1.3.6 Polylactic Acid/Clay Nanocomposites
	1.4 Preparation of Biopolymer–Clay Nanocomposites
		1.4.1 Solution-Blending Method
		1.4.2 Melt-Blending Method
		1.4.3 In Situ Polymerization Method
	1.5 Characterization Techniques
	1.6 Environmental Applications
		1.6.1 Bionanocomposites with Layered Silicates in Soil and Water Treatment
		1.6.2 Bionanocomposites with Layered Silicates for Food Packaging
		1.6.3 Bionanocomposites with Layered Silicates for Agricultural Applications
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Chitosan/Poly (Ethylene Glycol)/ZnO Bionanocomposite for Wound Healing Application
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Chitosan
	2.3 Poly (Ethylene Glycol)
	2.4 Chitosan/Poly (Ethylene Glycol)/ZnO Bionanocomposite
	2.5 Wound Healing Application
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Preparation and Applications of Chitosan–Gold Bionanocomposites
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Chitosan–Gold Nanocomposite
	3.3 Preparation Strategies for Chitosan–Gold Nanocomposite
		3.3.1 General Synthesis
		3.3.2 Physical Methods
		3.3.3 Radiolysis, Sonochemistry and Photochemical (UV, Near-IR) Strategies
		3.3.4 Chemical Synthesis
		3.3.5 Reduction by Borohydride
		3.3.6 Citrate Reduction
		3.3.7 Synthesis by Seeding Growth Technique
		3.3.8 Biosynthesis Technique
	3.4 Applications of Chitosan–Gold Nanocomposites
		3.4.1 Textile Industry
		3.4.2 Improvement in Textile Functionalities by Chitosan–Gold Nanocomposite
		3.4.3 Effluent Treatment Application
		3.4.4 Bioremediation
		3.4.5 Application in Biomedical Field
	3.5 Future Applications
	References
4 Environmental Properties and Applications of Cellulose and Chitin-Based Bionanocomposites
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Cellulose
		4.1.2 Chitin
	4.2 Environmental Properties
		4.2.1 Mechanical Properties
		4.2.2 Thermal Properties
		4.2.3 Barrier Properties
		4.2.4 Biodegradability
		4.2.5 Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties
	4.3 Applications of Cellulose-Based Bionanocomposites
		4.3.1 Electronics Device Industry
		4.3.2 Biomedicine Industry
		4.3.3 Food Industry
		4.3.4 Environmental Protection
	4.4 Applications of Chitin-Based Bionanocomposites
		4.4.1 Biomedicine Industry
		4.4.2 Environmental Protection
		4.4.3 Food Industry
		4.4.4 Agriculture
		4.4.5 Cosmetics
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Polylactic Acid/Halloysite Nanotube Bionanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Polylactic Acid
	5.3 Polylactic Acid/Halloysite Nanotube Bionanocomposite
	5.4 Food Packaging Application of Polylactic Acid/Halloysite Nanotube Bionanocomposite
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Preparation of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite and Its Applications to Durable Antibacterial, UV-Blocking, and Textile Properties
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Preparation of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite
		6.2.1 General Mechanism of the Formation of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite
	6.3 Antibacterial Activity of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite
		6.3.1 Probable Mechanism of the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite
	6.4 Applications of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite in Textiles
	6.5 Applications of ZnO/Chitosan Nanocomposite as a UV-Blocker
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Polymeric Nano-Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Review
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
	7.2 Properties of Scaffold
		7.2.1 Biocompatibility
		7.2.2 Biodegradability
		7.2.3 Porosity
		7.2.4 Targetability
		7.2.5 Binding Affinity
		7.2.6 Stability
		7.2.7 Loading Capability and Deliverance
		7.2.8 Mechanical Properties
		7.2.9 Scaffold Architecture
	7.3 2Dimesional (2D) Versus 3Dimensional (3D) Culture Scaffold
	7.4 Polymer Scaffold and Processing Techniques
		7.4.1 Conventional Techniques
		7.4.2 Rapid Prototyping Technique
		7.4.3 Combination of Techniques
	7.5 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Polymeric Scaffold Manufacturing
		7.5.1 Ceramics
		7.5.2 Natural Polymers
		7.5.3 Synthetic Polymers
		7.5.4 Composites
	7.6 Applications
	7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
8 Biodegradable Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch/Halloysite Nanotube Bionanocomposite: Preparation and Characterization
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)
	8.3 Starch
	8.4 Halloysite
	8.5 PVOH/ST/HNT Bionanocomposite: Preparation
		8.5.1 Solution Casting
		8.5.2 Electrospinning
		8.5.3 Melt Processing
	8.6 PVOH/ST/HNT Bionanocomposite: Characterization
		8.6.1 Chemical Interaction Analysis
		8.6.2 XRD Analysis
		8.6.3 Morphological Analysis
		8.6.4 Mechanical Properties
		8.6.5 Thermal Analysis
		8.6.6 Water Absorption Capacity
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 Environmentally Friendly Bionanocomposites in Food Industry
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Environmentally Friendly Bionanocomposites
		9.2.1 Properties and Applications of Bionanocomposites
	9.3 Bionanocomposites in the Food Industry
	9.4 Properties of a Bionanocomposite that Make It Suitable as a Food Packaging Material
		9.4.1 Mechanical Properties
		9.4.2 Barrier Properties
		9.4.3 Thermal Properties
	9.5 Application of Bionanocomposites in the Packaging of Food
		9.5.1 Dairy Products
		9.5.2 Fruit and Vegetable
		9.5.3 Meat and Poultry
		9.5.4 Application of Bionanocomposites in Novel Food Packaging Systems
	9.6 Safety Concerns
	9.7 Conclusion
	References