Biochemistry.

Cover
ES2
ES3
Half Title
Title
Statement
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Magazine: Hot Topics in Biochemistry
	The Genetics of Breast Cancer
	Stem Cells: Science and Politics
	The Science of Happiness and Depression
	Humans versus Flu
	Malaria
	Aging—Looking for the Biochemical Fountain of Youth
	Proteins and Magnets: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Biochemistry
	G-Protein–Coupled Receptors
Ch 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
	Chapter Outline
	1-1: Basic Themes
	1-2: Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry
	1-3: The Beginnings of Biology: Origin of Life
	1-4: The Biggest Biological Distinction—Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
	1-5: Prokaryotic Cells
	1-6: Eukaryotic Cells
	1-7: How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
	1-8: Biochemical Energetics
	1-9: Energy and Change
	1-10: Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions
	1-11: Life and Thermodynamics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
	Chapter Outline
	2-1: Water and Polarity
	2-2: Hydrogen Bonds
	2-3: Acids, Bases, and pH
	2-4: Titration Curves
	2-5: Buffers
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
	Chapter Outline
	3-1: Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World
	3-2: Individual Amino Acids: Their Structures and Properties
	3-3: Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
	3-4: The Peptide Bond
	3-5: Small Peptides with Physiological Activity
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
	Chapter Outline
	4-1: Protein Structure and Function
	4-2: Primary Structure of Proteins
	4-3: Secondary Structure of Proteins
	4-4: Tertiary Structure of Proteins
	4-5: Quaternary Structure of Proteins
	4-6: Protein Folding Dynamics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques
	Chapter Outline
	5-1: Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells
	5-2: Column Chromatography
	5-3: Electrophoresis
	5-4: Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein
	5-5: Protein Identification Techniques
	5-6: Proteomics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes
	Chapter Outline
	6-1: Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts
	6-2: Kinetics versus Thermodynamics
	6-3: Enzyme Kinetic Equations
	6-4: Enzyme–Substrate Binding
	6-5: The Michaelis–Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics
	6-6: Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
	6-7: Enzyme Inhibition
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 7: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control
	Chapter Outline
	7-1: The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes
	7-2: The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes
	7-3: Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation
	7-4: Zymogens
	7-5: The Nature of the Active Site
	7-6: Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms
	7-7: The Active Site and Transition States
	7-8: Coenzymes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 8: Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes
	Chapter Outline
	8-1: The Definition of a Lipid
	8-2: The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
	8-3: Biological Membranes
	8-4: The Kinds of Membrane Proteins
	8-5: The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure
	8-6: The Functions of Membranes
	8-7: Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions
	8-8: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information
	Chapter Outline
	9-1: Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
	9-2: The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides
	9-3: The Structure of DNA
	9-4: Denaturation of DNA
	9-5: The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication
	Chapter Outline
	10-1: The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell
	10-2: Replication of DNA
	10-3: DNA Polymerase
	10-4: Proteins Required for DNA Replication
	10-5: Proofreading and Repair
	10-6: DNA Recombination
	10-7: Eukaryotic DNA Replication
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA
	Chapter Outline
	11-1: Overview of Transcription
	11-2: Transcription in Prokaryotes
	11-3: Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
	11-4: Transcription in Eukaryotes
	11-5: Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes
	11-6: Non-Coding RNAs
	11-7: Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins
	11-8: Posttranscriptional RNA Modification
	11-9: Ribozymes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
	Chapter Outline
	12-1: Translating the Genetic Message
	12-2: The Genetic Code
	12-3: Amino Acid Activation
	12-4: Prokaryotic Translation
	12-5: Eukaryotic Translation
	12-6: Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
	12-7: Protein Degradation
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques
	Chapter Outline
	13-1: Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids
	13-2: Restriction Endonucleases
	13-3: Cloning
	13-4: Genetic Engineering
	13-5: DNA Libraries
	13-6: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
	13-7: DNA Fingerprinting
	13-8: Sequencing DNA
	13-9: Genomics and Proteomics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology
	Chapter Outline
	14-1: Viruses
	14-2: Retroviruses
	14-3: The Immune System
	14-4: Cancer
	14-5: AIDS
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism
	Chapter Outline
	15-1: Standard States for Free-Energy Changes
	15-2: A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications
	15-3: The Nature of Metabolism
	15-4: The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism
	15-5: Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
	15-6: Coupling of Production and Use of Energy
	15-7: Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 16: Carbohydrates
	Chapter Outline
	16-1: Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry
	16-2: Reactions of Monosaccharides
	16-3: Some Important Oligosaccharides
	16-4: Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides
	16-5: Glycoproteins
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 17: Glycolysis
	Chapter Outline
	17-1: The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis
	17-2: Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose to Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
	17-3: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate
	17-4: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
	17-5: Energy Production in Glycolysis
	17-6: Control of Glycolysis
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 18: Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Chapter Outline
	18-1: How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded
	18-2: Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate
	18-3: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
	18-4: Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
	Chapter Outline
	19-1: The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism
	19-2: The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-3: How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA
	19-4: The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-5: Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-6: The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway
	19-7: The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism
	19-8: The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
	19-9: The Link to Oxygen
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
	Chapter Outline
	20-1: The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism
	20-2: Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain
	20-3: Organization of Electron Transport Complexes
	20-4: The Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation
	20-5: The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation
	20-6: Shuttle Mechanisms
	20-7: The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 21: Lipid Metabolism
	Chapter Outline
	21-1: Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy
	21-2: Catabolism of Lipids
	21-3: The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids
	21-4: Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids
	21-5: Ketone Bodies
	21-6: Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis
	21-7: Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids
	21-8: Cholesterol Biosynthesis
	21-9: Hormonal Control of Appetite
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 22: Photosynthesis
	Chapter Outline
	22-1: Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis
	22-2: Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
	22-3: Photosynthesis and ATP Production
	22-4: Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen
	22-5: Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2
	22-6: CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen
	Chapter Outline
	23-1: Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview
	23-2: Nitrogen Fixation
	23-3: Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism
	23-4: Amino Acid Biosynthesis
	23-5: Essential Amino Acids
	23-6: Amino Acid Catabolism
	23-7: Purine Biosynthesis
	23-8: Purine Catabolism
	23-9: Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
	23-10: Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides
	23-11: Conversion of dUDP to dTTP
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Ch 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling
	Chapter Outline
	24-1: Connections between Metabolic Pathways
	24-2: Biochemistry and Nutrition
	24-3: Hormones and Second Messengers
	24-4: Hormones and the Control of Metabolism
	24-5: Insulin and Its Effects
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Annotated Bibliography
Answers to Questions
Index
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