Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
One Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics......Page 17
1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency......Page 19
1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction......Page 20
1.5 Why can't a marathon be sprinted?......Page 23
1.6 Energy sources and muscle......Page 24
1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy?......Page 25
1.8 Key points......Page 26
2 Skeletal muscle structure and function......Page 27
2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure......Page 28
2.1.2 The muscle fibre......Page 29
2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling......Page 34
2.2.3 The sliding filament mechanism......Page 36
2.3.1 General classification of muscle fibres......Page 37
2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution......Page 39
2.3.3 Muscle fibre recruitment......Page 40
2.4.2 The twitch contraction......Page 42
2.4.4 Tetanus contractions......Page 43
2.4.5 Force-velocity relationship......Page 44
2.5 Key points......Page 45
3 Biochemical concepts......Page 47
3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure......Page 48
3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients......Page 50
3.2 Chemical bonding......Page 51
3.2.2 Covalent bonds......Page 52
3.2.3 Molecular formulae and structures......Page 54
3.2.4 Functional groups......Page 55
3.3.1 Energy......Page 56
3.3.2 ATP......Page 57
3.3.3 Units of energy......Page 58
3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions......Page 59
3.4.1 General functions of water......Page 61
3.5 Solutions and concentrations......Page 62
3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts......Page 63
3.6.2 pH Scale......Page 64
3.7 Cell structure......Page 65
3.7.1 The plasma membrane......Page 66
3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles......Page 67
3.8 Key points......Page 69
Two Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry......Page 71
4 Proteins......Page 73
4.1 Protein function......Page 74
4.1.1 General protein function......Page 75
4.3.1 Primary structure......Page 78
4.3.4 Quaternary structure......Page 81
4.4.1 Mechanisms of enzyme action......Page 83
4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions......Page 84
4.4.4 Classification of enzymes......Page 86
4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity......Page 88
4.5.2 DNA structure......Page 89
4.5.4 The genetic code......Page 90
4.5.5 Translation......Page 92
4.6 Amino acid metabolism......Page 94
4.6.2 Transamination......Page 95
4.6.3 Deamination......Page 96
4.6.6 Glutamine......Page 98
4.7 Key points......Page 101
5 Carbohydrates......Page 103
5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise......Page 104
5.2.1 Monosaccharides......Page 106
5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides......Page 107
5.3 Metabolism of carbohydrates......Page 108
5.3.1 Glycogenolysis......Page 109
5.3.2 Glycolysis......Page 111
5.3.6 Electron transport chain......Page 114
5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation......Page 116
5.3.8 Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation......Page 117
5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis......Page 118
5.3.12 Glycogenesis......Page 119
5.4 Key points......Page 123
6 Lipids......Page 125
6.1 Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise......Page 126
6.2.1 Classification of lipids......Page 128
6.3.1 Lipolysis......Page 131
6.3.2 ß-oxidation......Page 134
6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids......Page 135
6.3.5 Triglyceride synthesis......Page 138
6.4 Key points......Page 140
Three Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise......Page 143
7 Principles of metabolic regulation......Page 145
7.2 Hormones......Page 146
7.3 Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation......Page 149
7.3.1 Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis......Page 150
7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase......Page 151
7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis......Page 153
7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation......Page 154
7.5.3 Regulation of PDH......Page 156
7.5.5 AMPK as a metabolic regulator......Page 158
7.6 Key points......Page 160
8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise......Page 161
8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise......Page 162
8.1.3 Evidence of energy sources used in HIE......Page 164
8.2 Effects of exercise duration......Page 168
8.3 Effects of nutritional status......Page 169
8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE?......Page 170
8.4 Effects of training......Page 171
8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 173
8.5.1 Reduced ATP......Page 174
8.5.3 Increased Pi......Page 175
8.5.4 Lactate and H+......Page 176
8.6 Key points......Page 177
9 Endurance exercise......Page 179
9.1.2 Energy production in endurance exercise......Page 180
9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise......Page 181
9.2.1 CHO metabolism......Page 182
9.2.2 Lipid metabolism......Page 184
9.3 Effects of exercise duration......Page 188
9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability......Page 190
9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies......Page 192
9.4.3 Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion......Page 194
9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability......Page 197
9.5.1 CHO metabolism......Page 199
9.5.2 Lipid metabolism......Page 200
9.5.3 Protein metabolism......Page 204
9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 205
9.7 Key points......Page 208
10 High-intensity intermittent exercise......Page 211
10.1.1 Definition and models of intermittent exercise......Page 212
10.2 Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise......Page 213
10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio......Page 218
10.4 Effects of nutritional status......Page 222
10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion......Page 223
10.4.3 CHO ingestion during exercise......Page 225
10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training......Page 226
10.6 Mechanisms of fatigue......Page 231
10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability......Page 232
10.6.2 PCr depletion......Page 233
10.6.3 Acidosis......Page 234
10.6.4 Extracellular potassium......Page 236
10.6.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)......Page 237
10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release......Page 239
10.7 Key points......Page 240
References and suggested readings......Page 243
Index......Page 257