Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Therapeutics of Black Cumin Seed

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Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Therapeutics of Black Cumin Seed
Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Therapeutics of Black Cumin Seed
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
One - Introduction, agronomy, varieties, and production of black cumin seed
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Importance of black cumin
	1.3 Origin of black cumin
	1.4 Adaptation of black cumin
	1.5 Varieties of black cumin
	1.6 Production of black cumin
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Two - The history of medicinal use of black cumin seed and its position in various cultures
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 History of medicinal use of black cumin seed
	2.3 Black cumin seed and its position in various cultures
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Three - Effects of climate, soil type, irrigation and selected agricultural practices on yield and seeds quality bi ...
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Bioactive compounds of black cumin
		3.2.1 Plausible impact of climate change on productivity of black cumin
	3.3 Black cumin ecology and growing conditions
	3.4 Irrigation and water management on bioactive compounds of black cumin
	3.5 Effect of fertilizers and soil type on bioactive ingredients of black cumin
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Four - Black cumin: morphology, physiology, growth, and agricultural yield
	4.1 Botanical aspect of black cumin
		4.1.1 Taxonomy of black cumin
		4.1.2 Distribution of black cumin
		4.1.3 Morphology of Nigella sativa L
	4.2 Black cumin physiology
		4.2.1 Nigella seed agriculture, growth, and yield
	4.3 Conclusion
	References
Five - Nutritional, biochemical, and functional characteristics of black cumin seeds
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Black cumin biochemical components
	5.3 Nutritional value of black cumin seeds
	5.4 Carbohydrates in black cumin seeds
	5.5 Proteins in black cumin seeds
	5.6 Vitamins and minerals in black cumin seeds
	5.7 Black cumin seeds contain lipids
	5.8 Black cumin seed polysaccharide
	5.9 Structural attributes of BCSP
	5.10 Black cumin seed polysaccharide functional properties
		5.10.1 Water and oil-holding capacity of BCSP
		5.10.2 Foaming capacity or ability of BCSP
		5.10.3 Emulsifying ability
	5.11 The polysaccharide of black cumin extraction
	5.12 Conclusion
	References
Six - Black cumin seed oil, protein, protein concentrates, and hydrolysate
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Black cumin and its importance
	6.3 Black cumin seed oil
	6.4 Protein of black cumin seeds and its extraction
		6.4.1 Protein concertation and amino acids profile
	6.5 Black cumin seed protein hydrolysate
	6.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of conflicts of interest
	References
Seven - Functional properties and applications of black cumin (Nigella sativa L) seeds
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Botanical overview of Nigella sativa L.
	7.3 Medicinal application of black cumin seeds
	7.4 Food application of black cumin seeds
	7.5 Functional application of black cumin seed press waste material
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Eight - Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil and aroma quality
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Botanical description of Nigella sativa L.
		8.1.2 Origin and distribution
		8.1.3 Taxonomic classification
		8.1.4 Morphology
	8.2 Essential oil and its extraction
		8.2.1 Nigella sativa essential oil extraction and its composition
	8.3 Aroma composition of Nigella sativa L.
	8.4 Benefits and use of Nigella sativa L.
	8.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Nine - Effect of different food processing techniques on the composition of black cumin seed and seed oil
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Traditional or conventional processing techniques of black cumin seed and seed oil
		9.2.1 Solvent extraction technology
			9.2.1.1 Advantages of solvent extraction technology
			9.2.1.2 Disadvantages of solvent extraction technology
		9.2.2 Soxhlet extraction technology
			9.2.2.1 Advantages of soxhlet extraction technology
			9.2.2.2 Disadvantages of soxhlet extraction technology
		9.2.3 Hydro/steam distillation
			9.2.3.1 Advantages of hydro/steam distillation
			9.2.3.2 Disadvantages of hydro/steam distillation
		9.2.4 Maceration, infusion, percolation, and decoction technology
			9.2.4.1 Advantages of maceration, infusion, percolation, and decoction processing technology
			9.2.4.2 Disadvantages of maceration, infusion, percolation, and decoction processing technology
		9.2.5 Mechanical oil extraction and processing technology
			9.2.5.1 Advantages of mechanical oil extraction and processing technology
			9.2.5.2 Disadvantages of mechanical oil extraction and processing technology
	9.3 Current/advanced food processing techniques on the composition of black cumin seed oil, their advantages and disadvantages
		9.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction in the processing of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.1.1 Advantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.1.2 Disadvantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction of black cumin seed oil
		9.3.2 Microwave-assisted extraction of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.2.1 Advantages of microwave-assisted extraction of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.2.2 Disadvantages of microwave-assisted extraction
		9.3.3 Enzyme-assisted extraction technology of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.3.1 Advantages of enzyme-assisted extraction technology
			9.3.3.2 Disadvantages of enzyme-assisted extraction technology
		9.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction of black cumin seed oil
			9.3.4.1 Advantages of supercritical fluid extraction
			9.3.4.2 Disadvantages of supercritical fluid extraction
	9.4 Purification techniques for black cumin seed and seed oil
		9.4.1 Column chromatography
		9.4.2 Semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography
		9.4.3 Preparative supercritical fluid chromatography
		9.4.4 High-speed countercurrent chromatography
		9.4.5 Crystallization
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Ten - Biological activities: antiinflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial of black cumin seeds
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Chemical composition
	10.3 Biological activities
	10.4 Antiinflammatory activity
	10.5 Antihyperlipidemic properties
	10.6 Antimicrobial properties
		10.6.1 Antibacterial activities
		10.6.2 Antifungal properties
		10.6.3 Antiparasitic properties
		10.6.4 Antiviral properties
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
Eleven - Black cumin seeds as animal feed
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Discussion
		11.2.1 Nutritional composition of BCUS
		11.2.2 Phytochemical profiling of BCUS
		11.2.3 BCUS as animal feed
			11.2.3.1 BCUS as fish feed
			11.2.3.2 BCUS as poultry breeds feed
			11.2.3.3 BCUS as ruminants feed
	11.3 Conclusion
	References
Twelve - Therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Clinical therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa
		12.2.1 Improving thyroid status
		12.2.2 Reduction of lipid profile and hypercholesterolemia
		12.2.3 Therapy for insulin resistance syndrome
		12.2.4 Improving reproductive system disorder
		12.2.5 Nigella sativa significantly reduces rhinitis
	12.3 Nonclinical study
		12.3.1 Alleviates liver fibrosis
		12.3.2 Antimicrobial efficacy
		12.3.3 Antifungal properties of Nigella sativa seeds
		12.3.4 Antidiabetic properties
		12.3.5 Diabetic wound healing properties
		12.3.6 Anticancer properties
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Thirteen - Antihypercholesterolemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Nigella sativa
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Antihypercholesterolemic activity of Nigella sativa in hypercholesterolemic-induced animal model
	13.3 Hypocholesterolemic effects of Nigella sativa in clinical trial
	13.4 Antiatherogenic effects of Nigella sativa
	13.5 Antihyperglycemic effects of Nigella sativa
	13.6 Mechanism of action of Nigella sativa as antihypercholesterolemic and antihyperglycemic agent
	References
Fourteen - Anticancer activity of black cumin seed bioactive compounds
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Discussion
		14.2.1 Anticancer phytochemical compounds of BCUS
		14.2.2 Anticancer of BCUS bioactive compounds
			14.2.2.1 Thymoquinone
			14.2.2.2 Alpha-hederin
			14.2.2.3 Thymol
			14.2.2.4 Longifolene
			14.2.2.5 Carvacrol
	14.3 Conclusion
	References
Fifteen - Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of black cumin seeds
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Black cumin seeds
	15.2 Antioxidant and oxidative stress
	15.3 Phenolic compounds
	15.4 Antioxidant properties and phenolic constituents of black cumin seeds
	15.5 Effect of processing methods on the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of black cumin seeds
	15.6 Phenolic compounds in black cumin seeds
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Sixteen - Antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antimalarial effect of black seed oil
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Antibacterial activities of black seed oil
	16.3 Antimicroorganism activities of black seed oil
	16.4 Antimalarial activities of black seed oil
	References
	Further reading
Seventeen - Neuroprotective effects of black cumin seed and seed oil
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Effects of thymoquinone on neuroinflammation
	17.3 Effects of thymoquinone on migraine pain
	17.4 Effects of thymoquinone on depression
	17.5 Effects of thymoquinone on epilepsy
	17.6 Effects of thymoquinone on Parkinson’s disease
	17.7 Effects of thymoquinone on Alzheimer's disease
	17.8 Effects of thymoquinone on cerebral ischemia
	17.9 Impacts of thymoquinone traumatic brain injury
	17.10 Effects of thymoquinone on multiple sclerosis
	17.11 Impacts of thymoquinone on the spinal cord injury
	17.12 Effects of thymoquinone on peripheral nerve injury
	17.13 Neuroprotective effects of thymol
	17.14 Effects of thymol on Alzheimer's disease
	17.15 Effects of thymol on anxiety
	17.16 Effects of thymol on dementia
	17.17 Effects of thymol on depression
	17.18 Impacts of thymol on epilepsy
	17.19 Effects of thymol on Parkinson’s disease
	17.20 Other thymol's impacts on nervous system
	17.21 Neuroprotective effects of p-cymene
	17.22 Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol
	17.23 Conclusion
	References
Eighteen - Black cumin (Nigella sativa) to treat bronchial asthma, ischemia, and cardiovascular diseases
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Nigella sativa or black cumin to treat bronchial asthma
	18.2 NS to treat ischemia and cardiovascular diseases
	18.3 Conclusion
	References
Nineteen - Potential medicinal properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in traditional medicine
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 The journey of traditional medicine
	19.2 The miracle herb Nigella sativa
	19.3 Medicinal properties of Nigella sativa in traditional medicine
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
Index
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