Biochemical engineering: A textbook for engineers, chemists, and biologists

Biochemical Engineering......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Nomenclature......Page 16
Part I Basic Concepts and Principles......Page 20
1.1 Background and Scope......Page 22
1.2 Dimensions and Units......Page 23
1.4 Equilibria and Rates......Page 25
1.6 Material Balance......Page 27
1.7 Energy Balance......Page 28
References......Page 30
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2 Heat Conduction and Molecular Diffusion......Page 33
2.3 Fluid Flow and Momentum Transfer......Page 34
2.4 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow......Page 37
2.5 Transfer Phenomena in Turbulent Flow......Page 40
2.6 Film Coefficients of Heat and Mass Transfer......Page 41
Further Reading......Page 44
3.2.1 Rates of Chemical Reaction......Page 46
3.2.1.1 Elementary Reaction and Equilibrium......Page 47
3.2.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rate Constant k......Page 48
3.2.1.3 Rate Equations for First- and Second-Order Reactions\n......Page 49
3.2.2.1 Kinetics of Enzyme Reaction\n......Page 54
3.2.2.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Parameters in Enzyme Reactions\n......Page 56
3.2.2.3 Inhibition and Regulation of Enzyme Reactions\n......Page 58
References\n......Page 64
4.2 Cell Growth\n......Page 66
4.3 Growth Phases in Batch Culture\n......Page 68
4.4 Factors Affecting Rates of Cell Growth\n......Page 70
4.5.1 Batch Fermentor\n......Page 71
4.5.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Fermentor\n......Page 73
Reference\n......Page 74
Part II Unit Operations and Apparatus for Bio-Systems\n......Page 76
5.2 Overall Coefficients U and Film Coefficients h\n......Page 78
5.3 Mean Temperature Difference\n......Page 81
5.4.1 Forced Flow of Fluids Through Tubes (Conduits) \n......Page 83
5.4.2 Forced Flow of Fluids Across a Tube Bank\n......Page 85
5.4.3 Liquids in Jacketed or Coiled Vessels\n......Page 86
5.5 Estimation of Overall Coefficients U\n......Page 87
References\n......Page 90
6.2 Overall Coefficients k and Film Coefficients k of Mass Transfer \n......Page 92
6.3 Types of Mass Transfer Equipment\n......Page 96
6.3.1 Packed Column\n......Page 97
6.3.3 Spray Column\n......Page 98
6.4.1 Stagnant Film Model\n......Page 99
6.4.3 Surface Renewal Model\n......Page 100
6.5 Liquid-Phase Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactions\n......Page 101
6.6.1 Single-Phase Mass Transfer Inside or Outside Tubes\n......Page 103
6.6.3 J-Factor\n......Page 105
6.7.1 Limiting Gas and Liquid Velocities\n......Page 106
6.7.2 Definitions of Volumetric Coefficients and HTUs\n......Page 107
6.7.3 Mass Transfer Rates and Effective Interfacial Areas\n......Page 110
References\n......Page 114
7.1 Introduction\n......Page 116
7.2.1 Batch and Continuous Reactors\n......Page 117
7.2.2.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)\n......Page 118
7.2.2.3 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)\n......Page 119
7.2.2.4 Comparison of Fractional Conversions by CSTR and PFR\n......Page 120
7.2.3.1 Liquid Film Resistance Controlling\n......Page 121
7.2.3.2 Effects of Diffusion Within Catalyst Particles [1]\n......Page 122
7.2.3.3 Effects of Diffusion Within Immobilized Enzyme Particles\n......Page 124
7.3.1 Gas Holdup\n......Page 126
7.3.2 Interfacial Area\n......Page 127
7.3.3.2 Measurements of kLa\n......Page 128
7.4.1 General\n......Page 131
7.4.2 Power Requirements of Stirred Tanks\n......Page 132
7.4.2.1 Ungassed Liquids\n......Page 133
7.4.2.2 Gas-Sparged Liquids\n......Page 134
7.4.3 kLa in Gas-Sparged Stirred Tanks\n......Page 135
7.4.4 Liquid Mixing in Stirred Tanks\n......Page 137
7.5 Gas Dispersion in Stirred Tanks\n......Page 139
7.6.2 Performance of Bubble Columns\n......Page 140
7.6.2.3 Bubble Size\n......Page 141
7.6.2.7 kLa and Gas Holdup for Suspensions and Emulsions\n......Page 142
7.7.2 EL Airlifts\n......Page 144
7.8 Packed-Bed Reactors\n......Page 146
References\n......Page 150
8.1 Introduction\n......Page 153
8.2 Dialysis\n......Page 154
8.3 Ultrafiltration\n......Page 156
8.4 Microfiltration\n......Page 159
8.5 Reverse Osmosis\n......Page 160
8.6 Membrane Modules\n......Page 161
8.6.4 Hollow-Fiber Membrane\n......Page 162
References\n......Page 163
9.1 Introduction\n......Page 164
9.2 Conventional Filtration\n......Page 165
9.3 Microfiltration\n......Page 166
9.4 Centrifugation\n......Page 167
9.5 Cell Disruption\n......Page 170
References\n......Page 172
10.2 Kinetics of the Thermal Death of Cells\n......Page 174
10.3 Batch Heat Sterilization of Culture Media\n......Page 175
10.4 Continuous Heat Sterilization of Culture Media\n......Page 177
10.5 Sterilizing Filtration\n......Page 181
References\n......Page 183
11.2.1 Linear Equilibrium\n......Page 184
11.2.2 Adsorption Isotherms of Langmuir-Type and Freundlich-Type\n......Page 185
11.3 Rates of Adsorption into Adsorbent Particles\n......Page 186
11.4 Single- and Multi-Stage Operations for Adsorption\n......Page 187
11.5.1 Fixed-Bed Operation\n......Page 189
11.5.2 Estimation of the Break Point\n......Page 191
11.6.1 Chromatography for Bioseparation\n......Page 193
11.6.2.1 Equilibrium Model\n......Page 195
11.6.2.2 Stage Model\n......Page 196
11.6.3 Resolution Between Two Elution Curves\n......Page 197
11.6.4 Gel Chromatography\n......Page 199
11.6.5 Affinity Chromatography\n......Page 200
References\n......Page 202
Part III Practical Aspects in Bioengineering\n......Page 204
12.1 Introduction\n......Page 206
12.2 Stirrer Power Requirements for Non-Newtonian Liquids\n......Page 208
12.3 Heat Transfer in Fermentors\n......Page 210
12.4 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer in Fermentors\n......Page 212
12.4.1.3 Presence of Cells\n......Page 213
12.4.1.5 kLa in Emulsions\n......Page 214
12.4.1.6 kLa in Non-Newtonian Liquids\n......Page 216
12.4.2 Desorption of Carbon Dioxide\n......Page 217
12.5 Criteria for Scaling-Up Fermentors\n......Page 218
12.6.1 Batch Operation\n......Page 221
12.6.2 Fed-Batch Operation\n......Page 222
12.6.3 Continuous Operation\n......Page 223
12.6.4 Operation of Enzyme Reactors\n......Page 225
12.7 Fermentors for Animal Cell Culture\n......Page 226
References\n......Page 228
13.1 Introduction\n......Page 230
13.2.1 Dead-End Filtration\n......Page 233
13.2.2 Cross-Flow Filtration\n......Page 235
13.3.1.1 Velocity of Mobile Phase and Diffusivities of Solutes\n......Page 237
13.3.1.2 Radius of Packed Particles\n......Page 238
13.3.1.4 Column Diameter\n......Page 239
13.3.2 Scale-Up of Chromatography Columns\n......Page 240
13.4 Separation in Fixed Beds\n......Page 241
13.5 Sanitation in Downstream Processes\n......Page 243
References\n......Page 244
14.2.1 Blood and Its Components\n......Page 246
14.2.2 Blood Circulation\n......Page 248
14.3.1 Use of Blood Oxygenators\n......Page 249
14.3.2 Oxygen in Blood\n......Page 250
14.3.3 Carbon Dioxide in Blood\n......Page 252
14.3.4 Types of Blood Oxygenator\n......Page 253
14.3.5.1 Laminar Blood Flow\n......Page 255
14.3.5.2 Turbulent Blood Flow\n......Page 256
14.4 Artificial Kidney\n......Page 261
14.4.1 Human Kidney Functions\n......Page 262
14.4.2.1 Hemodialyzer\n......Page 264
14.4.2.3 Peritoneal Dialysis\n......Page 265
14.4.3 Mass Transfer in Hemodialyzers (cf. Section 8.2)\n......Page 266
14.5.1 Human Liver\n......Page 270
14.5.2 Bioartificial Liver Devices\n......Page 271
References\n......Page 273
Appendix\n......Page 274
Index\n......Page 276