Biochar and its Composites: Fundamentals and Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
1 Introduction of Biochar: Sources, Composition, and Recent Updates
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Biochar
	3 Composition of Biochar
	4 Biochar Production
		4.1 Pyrolysis
		4.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		4.3 Gasification
		4.4 Torrefaction and Quick Carbonization
	5 Properties of Biochar
		5.1 Physical Properties
		5.2 Chemical Properties
	6 Applications of Biochar
	7 Potentials of Biochar in India
	8 Conclusion
	References
2 Biochar in Catalysis and Biotransformation
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of Biochar
	3 Properties of Biochar
		3.1 Hydrogen Ion Strength (pH) of Biochar (BC)
		3.2 Biochar Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
		3.3 Stability of Biochar (BC)
	4 Biochar in Catalysis
	5 Classification of Biochar-Derived Solid Catalysts
		5.1 Acid Catalysts
		5.2 Alkali Catalysts
	6 Biochar—A Favorable Catalyst
		6.1 Biodiesel Production with Biochar-Derived Catalysts
		6.2 Energy Storage
		6.3 Remediation
		6.4 Soil Amelioration
	7 Biochar and Biotransformation
	8 Bicohar in Bioremediation
	9 Role of Biochar in Biotransformation—A Few Studies
		9.1 Degradation of Roxarsone by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
		9.2 Glucose to L-Histidine Through Escherichia Coli Metabolism
		9.3 Denitrification and Mitigation of N2O Production
		9.4 Biotransformation of Phosphorous
		9.5 Remediation of Chromium Toxicity by Biochar, Poultry Manure, and Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) in Rice Crop
		9.6 Adsorption of Manganese and Its Biotransformation by Streptomyces Violarus Strain SBP1 Cell-Immobilized Biochar
		9.7 Microbial Biotransformation of Arsenic in Paddy Soil After Straw-Biochar and Straw-Amendments
		9.8 De-chlorination of Pentachlorophenol in a Microbial Consortium
		9.9 Chemical and Microbial Transformation of Pentachlorophenol in Paddy Soil
	10 Conclusion
	11 Future Perspectives
	References
3 Biochar: A Potent Adsorbent
	1 Introduction
	2 Effects of Properties of Biochar on Adsorption Performance
		2.1 Surface Functional Groups
		2.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA)
		2.3 Pore Size Distribution and Pore Volume
		2.4 The pH Value of Biochar
	3 Biochar for Water Treatment
		3.1 Adsorption of Organic Contaminants
		3.2 Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants
		3.3 Microbial Contaminants Removal
	4 Biochar for Air Treatment
		4.1 Adsorption of Organic Contaminants
		4.2 Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants
	5 Future Directions
	6 Conclusion
	References
4 Biochar in Carbon Sequestration
	1 Introduction
	2 Biochar
		2.1 Biochar Production
		2.2 Biochar Modification
	3 Biochar for CO2 Sequestration
		3.1 Wooden Biochar
		3.2 Seeds/Kernel-Originated Biochar
		3.3 Shell/Husk-Originated Biochar
	4 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
5 Biochar for Management of Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Modification of Biochar
		2.1 Biochar Activation by Physical Methods
		2.2 Biochars Chemical Activation Using Acidic and Alkaline Solutions
	3 Biochar as an Adsorbent of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
		3.1 Organic Pollutants
		3.2 Inorganic Pollutant Removal
	4 Future Prospective and Outlook
	5 Conclusion
	References
6 Biochar for Climate Change Mitigation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Carbon Capture and Climate Change
		1.2 Biochar
		1.3 Sustainable Development and Climate Change
		1.4 Applying Biomass/Biochar for Development
	2 Sustainability and Development Indexes
		2.1 Human Development Index (HDI)
		2.2 HDI Calculation
		2.3 Sustainable Development
		2.4 HDI: Progress and Improvement
		2.5 Potential of Biochar to Bring PHDI Closer to HDI
	3 Climate Change: International Security Paradigm
		3.1 Climate Change and Global Warming
		3.2 Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Changes
	4 The Evolution of the Security Paradigm
		4.1 Climate Change Mitigation: Global Efforts
	5 Conclusions
	References
7 Clay-Biochar Composites for the Agriculture Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Document Search and the Co-occurrence-Keywords Analysis
	3 Clay-Biochar Composites: Production Methods and Current Applications
	4 Improvement in the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Clay-Biochar Composites
	5 Clay-Biochar Composite Applications for Agriculture Industry
		5.1 Clay-Biochar Composite Application in Soil Remediation
		5.2 Clay-Biochar Composite Application in the Removal of the Contaminant in Agricultural Wastewater
		5.3 Clay-Biochar Composite Application as Fertilizer
	6 Conclusion
	References
8 New Trends in Biochar–Mineral Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanoscale Influence in Composite Synthesis and Properties
	3 Biotechnology and Interaction of Composites with Living Organisms
		3.1 Interaction of Biochar with Rhizosphere in Natural Environments
	4 Environmental Applications of Biochar–Mineral Composites
		4.1 Inorganic Substance Remotion
		4.2 Emerging Organic Substances Remotion
	5 Conclusion
	References
9 Magnetic Composites of Biochar and Its Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthetic Methods of Magnetic Composites of Biochar
		2.1 Impregnation-Pyrolysis
		2.2 Co-precipitation
		2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
	3 Utilization of Magnetic Composite of Biochar for the Adsorption of Several EPs
		3.1 Adsorption of Dye
		3.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals
		3.3 Adsorption of EPs for Wastewater Treatment
	4 Adsorption Mechanism
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
10 Biochar Composites for Environmental and Energy Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Biochar Activation
		2.1 Physical Activation
		2.2 Chemical Activation
	3 Biochar Composites
		3.1 Clay-Biochar Composites
		3.2 Metal-Biochar Composites
		3.3 Carbonaceous Material-Biochar Composites
		3.4 Microorganism–Biochar Composites
		3.5 Summary of Biochar Composites
	4 Environmental Application of Biochar Composites
		4.1 Water and Wastewater Treatment
		4.2 Soil Remediation
		4.3 Catalyst and Activator
		4.4 Supercapacitor
		4.5 Fuel Cell
	5 Future Directions
	6 Conclusion
	References