BIOCHAR :A GUIDE TO ANALYTICAL METHODS

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 8
1 Sampling, storage and preparation of biochar for laboratory analysis......Page 12
2 Proximate analyses for characterising biochars......Page 20
3 Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential......Page 34
4 Analysis of biochars for C, H, N, O and S by elemental analyser......Page 50
5 Inorganic carbon......Page 62
6 Dissolved carbon and LC-OCD of biochar......Page 75
7 Determination of cation exchange capacity in biochar......Page 85
8 Determining acidic groups at biochar surfaces via the Boehm titration......Page 96
9 Total elemental analysis of metals and nutrients in biochars......Page 106
10 Available nutrients in biochar......Page 120
11 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar......Page 137
12 Analysis of biochar porosity by pycnometry......Page 143
13 Guiding principles for measuring sorption of organic compounds on biochars......Page 152
14 Analysis of biochars by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy......Page 162
15 Analysis of biochars using benzene polycarboxylic acids......Page 173
16 Pyrolysis-GC-MS of biochar......Page 181
17 Analysis of biochars by hydropyrolysis......Page 198
18 Biochar analysis by Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy......Page 210
19 Carbon near-edge absorption fine structureas a tool for understanding chemical differences in biochars......Page 225
20 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of biochar......Page 240
21 X-ray diffraction analysis of biochar......Page 256
22 Stable isotope analysis of biochars......Page 264
23 Application of scanning electron microscopy to the analysis of biochar-related materials......Page 283
24 Thermal analysis for biochar characterisation......Page 294
Appendix 1. Biochar samples and their preparation for laboratory analysis......Page 306
Appendix 2. Specific surface area and porosity measurements......Page 308
Index......Page 311