Biobased products and industries

Cover......Page 1
Biobased Products and Industries......Page 2
 A......Page 409
Contributors......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
 6.1 Microalgae and macroalgae......Page 213
 1.1 Introduction......Page 12
 1.2 Bio-based industries from a bioeconomy perspective......Page 14
 1.3 The bio-based industry in Europe......Page 17
  1.3.1 The bio-based industry in non-EU states......Page 34
 1.4 Concluding remarks......Page 46
 References......Page 47
2 - Development perspectives for the bio-based economy......Page 52
 9.1 Introduction......Page 318
  2.2.2 People, planet, profit......Page 54
  2.2.3 Improve efficiency of material and energy use......Page 55
  2.2.4 Increase crop yields but leave field residues for soils......Page 56
  2.2.6 Apply biomass components at highest value......Page 59
  2.2.7 Reduce capital costs......Page 62
  2.2.8 Circumvent economies of scale......Page 63
  2.2.9 Choosing the best biomass raw materials......Page 65
 2.3 Circular economy......Page 67
  2.3.1 Small-scale biorefinery processes......Page 68
 2.4 Developing bio-based production chains......Page 69
  2.4.1 Using design rules......Page 70
  2.4.2 Ethanol production driven routes......Page 73
  2.4.3 Protein production routes......Page 74
  2.4.4 Second-generation bioethanol......Page 76
  2.4.5 Fermentation sugar-driven developments......Page 78
  2.5.1 Using biomass' molecular structures to synthesize chemicals......Page 80
  2.5.3 Succinic acid......Page 81
  2.5.5 Benefitting from polymer structures......Page 82
  2.5.7 Benefitting from proteins......Page 83
 2.6 Discussion and conclusion......Page 86
 References......Page 88
 Further reading......Page 89
5 - Bio-based production of chemicals through metabolic engineering......Page 181
 3.1 Introduction......Page 90
  3.2.1 US chemical regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act......Page 91
  3.2.2 European Union regulation of chemicals......Page 96
  3.2.3 Chemical regulation elsewhere in the world......Page 97
  3.2.4 Government programs to promote use of bio-based products......Page 99
  3.3.1 Overview: fuel certification......Page 100
  3.3.2 US certification of civilian automotive fuels......Page 101
  3.3.3 US certification of civilian/commercial aviation fuels......Page 103
  3.3.4 US certification of military fuels......Page 104
  3.3.5 US renewable fuel standard......Page 105
  3.3.6 Low carbon fuel standards......Page 108
  4.5.2 Biorefinery feedstocks......Page 165
  3.4.1 Overview: applications of genetic modification to bio-based manufacturing......Page 113
  3.4.2 US regulation of modified microorganisms......Page 115
  3.4.3 US regulation of genetically modified plants......Page 121
  3.4.4 International biotechnology regulations: Cartagena Protocol......Page 122
  3.4.5 International biotechnology regulations: European Union......Page 124
  3.4.7 Other international biotechnology regulations......Page 125
 References......Page 164
  3.5.2 US chemical facility anti-terrorism standards......Page 126
  3.5.5 US construction and operating permits......Page 127
 References......Page 128
  4.1.1 Definitions, feedstocks, and applications......Page 135
  4.1.2 Targets and economical aspects......Page 137
  8.2.1 Extrusion......Page 288
  4.2.1 Gasoline substitutes......Page 138
  4.2.2 Diesel substitutes......Page 142
  4.2.3 Aviation biofuels......Page 149
  4.3.1 Biomethane......Page 151
  4.3.2 Biohydrogen......Page 155
  4.4.1 Heat......Page 158
  4.4.2 Electricity......Page 163
  4.5.3 Types of biorefinery......Page 166
 4.6 Concluding remarks......Page 169
 References......Page 170
 8.1 Introduction......Page 287
 5.2 Metabolic engineering......Page 183
 5.3 Different carbon sources for the microorganisms......Page 184
 5.4 Success in producing chemicals through metabolic engineering......Page 185
  7.2.1 Lignins: structures, isolation, and conversion......Page 256
  5.4.2 Polymers......Page 188
  5.4.3 Therapeutic molecules......Page 190
  5.4.4 Food additives and supplements......Page 191
 5.5 Bio-based production of alkanes and alkenes through metabolic engineering......Page 192
  5.5.1 Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons......Page 193
   5.5.2.1 “Elongation-decarboxylation” pathway......Page 195
   5.5.2.4 AAR/ADO pathway......Page 196
   5.5.2.5 New pathways......Page 198
  5.5.3 Bottlenecks and solutions......Page 201
  5.5.4 Conclusion......Page 203
 References......Page 204
 6.2 Types of cultivation......Page 214
 C......Page 413
  6.3.1 Open systems......Page 219
  6.3.2 Photobioreactors......Page 220
  6.3.3 Macroalgae cultivation......Page 223
  6.4.1 Biodiesel......Page 224
  6.4.2 Bioethanol......Page 226
  6.4.3 Biogas......Page 227
  6.4.4 Biohydrogen and syngas......Page 228
 6.5 Pigments from algae......Page 229
  6.5.1 β-Carotene......Page 230
  6.5.3 Astaxanthin......Page 231
  6.5.4 Fucoxanthin......Page 232
  6.6.1 Phycobiliproteins......Page 233
  6.6.2 Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids......Page 234
  6.7.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates......Page 236
  6.7.2 Polylactic acid......Page 237
 6.8 Algal products for agriculture......Page 238
  6.8.1 Algae as biofertilizers and plant growth promoters......Page 239
  6.8.2 Algae as agricultural control agents......Page 240
 6.10 Conclusions......Page 241
 References......Page 243
8 - Bio-based packaging materials......Page 254
 7.2 Wood lignins and tannins......Page 255
  7.2.2 Tannins: structure, isolation, and conversion......Page 258
  7.3.1 Adhesives......Page 260
  7.3.2 Foams......Page 263
   8.4.2.1 Mechanical properties......Page 264
   7.3.2.2 Bio-based polyurethane foams......Page 266
  7.3.3 Carbon fibers......Page 268
  7.3.4 Adsorbents......Page 270
    7.3.4.1.1 Tannin gels......Page 271
    7.3.4.1.3 Tannin foams......Page 276
    7.3.4.2.1 Activated carbon......Page 277
    7.3.4.2.2 Modified lignins......Page 278
 References......Page 280
  8.2.2 Blown film extrusion......Page 290
 8.3 Classification of bio-based materials......Page 292
  8.4.1 Molecular structure and its production......Page 293
   8.4.2.2 Permeability......Page 294
   8.4.2.4 Other properties......Page 296
  8.4.3 Biodegradation......Page 297
  8.4.5 Commercial products......Page 298
  8.5.1 Molecular structure......Page 299
  8.5.2 Sources and extraction......Page 300
   8.5.3.2 Mechanical properties......Page 301
   8.5.3.4 Thermal properties......Page 302
   8.5.3.5 Other properties......Page 303
  8.5.5 Ongoing research deals......Page 304
  8.5.6 Commercial products......Page 305
 8.6 Biopolymers from agro-resources—starch......Page 306
  8.6.1 Thermoplastic starch......Page 307
  8.6.3 Ongoing research......Page 308
 8.7 Conclusions......Page 309
 References......Page 310
  9.2.1 Supercapacitors......Page 320
   9.2.1.1 Operation principle: energy storage mechanisms......Page 323
   9.2.1.2 Bio-based electrode materials for supercapacitors......Page 327
  9.2.2 Batteries......Page 334
   9.2.2.1 Operation principle: Li-ion and Na-ions batteries......Page 335
   9.2.2.2 Bio-based materials in batteries......Page 339
 9.3 Energy conversion devices (fuel cells)......Page 340
  9.3.1 Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC)......Page 341
   9.3.1.1 Operation principle: types of DCFCs......Page 344
   9.3.1.2 Bio-based carbon materials for DCFCs......Page 348
   9.3.2.1 Operation principle......Page 349
   9.3.2.2 Bio-based materials in microbial fuel cells......Page 351
 9.4 Conclusion......Page 353
 Further reading......Page 361
 10.1 Introduction......Page 363
  10.2.1 Bio-based fibers......Page 364
  10.2.2 Bio-based matrix......Page 369
  10.2.3 Interface fiber–matrix......Page 371
  10.2.4 Bio-based composites......Page 374
  10.2.5 Applications......Page 376
  10.2.6 Tendency: looking for sustainable bio-based carbon fibers......Page 380
 10.3 Coating and finishing......Page 381
  10.3.1 Bio-based binder......Page 384
  10.3.3 Flame retardant......Page 387
  10.3.4 Antimicrobial......Page 389
  10.3.5 Repellents......Page 390
  10.3.6 Pigments......Page 392
  10.3.7 Plasticizers......Page 394
  10.3.9 Tendency......Page 397
 10.4 Perspectives......Page 398
 References......Page 400
 Further reading......Page 408
 B......Page 410
 D......Page 414
 F......Page 415
 G......Page 416
 I......Page 417
 M......Page 418
 P......Page 419
 S......Page 420
 T......Page 421
 Z......Page 422
Back Cover......Page 423