Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants (Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTs) *)

BIOAVAILABILITY, BIOACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Series Preface......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 22
About the Author......Page 26
1.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.2 Soil Guideline Values......Page 29
1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial......Page 32
1.3 Risk to Humans......Page 34
1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values......Page 35
1.4.1 Mean-Value Test......Page 36
1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test......Page 38
References......Page 41
2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants......Page 44
2.2.1 Solid Samples......Page 45
2.2.2 Liquid Samples......Page 48
2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 52
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy......Page 60
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 67
2.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS......Page 72
2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy......Page 76
2.7 Electrochemistry......Page 78
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques......Page 79
2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques......Page 80
2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy......Page 83
2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques......Page 85
3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants......Page 86
3.2.1 Solid Samples......Page 87
3.2.2 Liquid Samples......Page 94
3.3 Gas Chromatography......Page 99
3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography......Page 101
3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry......Page 105
3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques......Page 111
3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography......Page 112
4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals......Page 116
4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals......Page 117
4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals......Page 126
4.4 Earthworms......Page 134
4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies......Page 138
4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms......Page 151
4.5 Plant Uptake......Page 153
4.6 Certified Reference Materials......Page 154
References......Page 168
5.1 Introduction......Page 172
5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs......Page 173
5.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction......Page 175
5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction......Page 191
5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction......Page 195
5.2.4 Other Approaches......Page 201
5.3 Earthworm Studies......Page 203
5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms......Page 205
5.4 Plant Uptake......Page 210
References......Page 216
6.1 Introduction......Page 218
6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology......Page 220
6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method......Page 222
6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method......Page 223
6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals......Page 225
6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants......Page 237
References......Page 240
7.1.1 Background......Page 242
7.1.2 Experimental......Page 243
7.1.3 Results and Discussion......Page 245
7.1.5 Specific References......Page 251
7.2.2 Experimental......Page 254
7.2.3 Results and Discussion......Page 256
7.3.2 Experimental......Page 259
7.3.3 Results and Discussion......Page 261
7.4.2 Experimental......Page 262
7.4.3 Results and Discussion......Page 264
7.4.4 Conclusions......Page 265
8.1 Safety......Page 268
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 269
8.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets......Page 270
8.3 Selected Resources......Page 280
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions......Page 286
Glossary of Terms......Page 302
SI Units and Physical Constants......Page 308
Periodic Table......Page 312
Index......Page 314