Bioassays: Advanced Methods and Applications

Cover
Bioassays: Advanced Methods and Applications
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
	1.1 Freshwater ecosystems
	1.2 Marine waters
	1.3 Terrestrial ecosystems
	1.4 Air
	1.5 Need for bioassays
	References
2 Chemical analysis of air and water
	Part I Water analysis
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Physical and chemical characteristics
			2.2.1 Odor, color
			2.2.2 pH
			2.2.3 Turbidity
			2.2.4 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
			2.2.5 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
		2.3 Metals in water bodies
			2.3.1 Spectrometric methods
			2.3.2 Ion chromatography
			2.3.3 Anions in water
			2.3.4 Chloride
			2.3.5 Fluoride
			2.3.6 Cyanide
			2.3.7 Sulfate
			2.3.8 Nitrate
			2.3.9 Phosphate
		2.4 Organic pollutants in water
			2.4.1 Pesticides
			2.4.2 Nitrogen-containing compounds (carbamate, triazine and urea based pesticides)
			2.4.3 Nitrosamines
			2.4.4 Oil and grease
			2.4.5 Emerging pollutants
	Part II Air analysis
		2.5 Review
		2.6 Air sampling
		2.7 Analysis of air pollutants
			2.7.1 Sulfur compounds
			2.7.2 Nitrogen compounds
			2.7.3 Carbon compounds
			2.7.4 Halogens and their compounds
			2.7.5 Radioactive substances
			2.7.6 Particles
	References
3 Historical development of bioassays
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Bioassays for environmental toxicity
	3.3 Bioassays for human physiology and toxicity
	References
	Further Reading
4 Regulations, political and societal aspects, toxicity limits
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Regulations
		4.2.1 Europe
		4.2.2 United States of America
		4.2.3 Brazil
		4.2.4 China
		4.2.5 Japan
	4.3 Political and societal aspects
	4.4 Toxicity limits
	References
5 Image analysis for bioassays – the basics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Hardware
	5.3 Image manipulation
		5.3.1 Pixel manipulation
		5.3.2 Mathematical filters
		5.3.3 Look-up tables
	5.4 Object detection by segmentation
	5.5 Organism tracking
	5.6 Oriented movement
	5.7 Pattern recognition
	References
6 Growing algal biomass using wastes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biofiltration assays and biomass productivity in aquaculture grown in effluents
		6.2.1 Fishpond effluents. Integrated multitrophic aquaculture
		6.2.2 Pig farm effluents
		6.2.3 Sewage and leachate
	6.3 Biochemical assays in the analysis of harvested biomass
		6.3.1 Biostimulant assays
		6.3.2 Functional feed and food from algae
			6.3.2.1 Functional feed for fish
				Substitution of fishmeal for algae meal
				Techniques used for evaluation of fish feed
					Hematology and other metabolic analysis
					Respiratory burst activity
			6.3.2.2 Functional food for human
				Polysaccharides of algae with immunodulatory activity
				Techniques used to assess immunological activity
					Determination of cytokines
		6.3.3 Cosmetics
			6.3.3.1 DPPH assay
			6.3.3.2 ABTS assay
			6.3.3.3 Superoxide radical scavenging activity
			6.3.3.4 Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay
			6.3.3.5 β-carotene bleaching method (BBM)
		6.3.4 Biofuel
	6.4 Biorefinery and integration of the production and biochemistry processes
	References
7 Toxicity testing using the marine macroalga Ulva pertusa: method development and application
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Development and application of the Ulva pertusa reproduction bioassay
	7.3 Applying the Ulva reproduction test for toxicity identification evaluation (TIE)
	7.4 Inter-laboratory comparison test
	7.5 ISO protocol of the Ulva test
	7.6 The Ulva kit
	7.7 The UlvaTox
		7.7.1 Principle of operation
	7.8 Conclusions
	References
8 Pigments
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Effects of pollutants on photosynthetic pigments in flagellated algae
	8.3 Delayed fluorescence as a versatile tool for measurement of photosynthetic performance
		8.3.1 Delayed fluorescence – the phenomenon
		8.3.2 Possible DF applications
		8.3.3 Delayed fluorescence in ecotoxicology
		8.3.4 Recording of recovery of desiccated plants
		8.3.5 Determination of efficiency of accessory pigments
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Photosynthesis assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Principle of fluorescence measurements
	9.3 Method of fluorescence measurements
	9.4 Fluorescence quenching parameters
	9.5 Instrumentation for fluorescence measurements
	9.6 Saturation pulse method or how to measure quantum yield properly
	9.7 Description of instrumentation
		9.7.1 Submersible fluorometers for algal research
		9.7.2 Land-based fluorometers
		9.7.3 Simultaneous measurement of PS II and PSI using a Dual PAM
	References
10 Ecotox
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Euglena gracilis - model organism for Ecotox
	10.3 Hardware of Ecotox
	10.4 Endpoint parameters
		10.4.1 Motility
		10.4.2 Velocity
		10.4.3 Cell compactness
		10.4.4 Upward swimming %
		10.4.5 R-value
		10.4.6 Alignment
	10.5 Operational modes of Ecotox
		10.5.1 Control mode
		10.5.2 Single toxin mode
		10.5.3 Online mode
	10.6 Data recording, storage and analysis
	10.7 Manual version of Ecotox
	10.8 Applications for Ecotox
	10.9 New Ecotox
		10.9.1 Hardware
		10.9.2 Software for image analysis and hardware control
	10.10 Suitability and advantages of Ecotox
	References
11 Daphniatox
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Culture conditions
	11.3 Bioassays using Daphnia
	11.4 Daphniatox
		11.4.1 Hardware
		11.4.2 Software for image analysis in the Daphniatox bioassay instrument
	11.5 Application of the Daphniatox instrument
		11.5.1 Typical results obtained with Daphniatox
		11.5.2 Suitability of Daphniatox for monitoring environmental pollution
	References
12 Bioluminescence systems in environmental biosensors
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Historical aspects
	12.3 Metabolism of microbial luminescence
	12.4 The phenomenon of quorum sensing
	12.5 Autoinducers in Gram-negative bacteria
	12.6 Effect of inhibitors on bioluminescence emission of V. fischeri
	12.7 Commercial tests with V. fischeri
	12.8 Methods for bioluminescence measurements
	12.9 Genetically modified microorganisms
	12.10 Bioluminescent dinoflagellates serve as bioassay to indicate mechanical stress
	12.11 Conclusions
	References
13 Image processing for bioassays
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Sensor-equipped phenotyping platforms
	13.3 Sensors for noninvasive plant measurements
		13.3.1 RGB cameras
		13.3.2 Infrared cameras
		13.3.3 Near-infrared cameras
		13.3.4 Fluorescence recording cameras
		13.3.5 Hyperspectral cameras
		13.3.6 Laser scanners
	13.4 Environmental sensors
	13.5 Software for sensor data capture and analysis
		13.5.1 Image processing for shoot phenotypes
		13.5.2 Image processing for root phenotypes
	13.6 Applications in phenotyping and ecotoxicology
		13.6.1 Ecotoxicology
		13.6.2 Phenotyping in plant science
		13.6.3 Plant phenotyping in crop research
		13.6.4 Field phenotyping
	13.7 Conclusions and outlook
	References
14 Express detection of water pollutants by photoelectric recording from algal cell suspensions
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Channelrhodopsin-mediated photosensory transduction in green flagellate algae
	14.3 Principles of photoelectric measurements in cell suspensions
	14.4 Detection of heavy metal ions in water
	14.5 Detection of organic pollutants in water
	14.6 Comparison with ECOTOX
	14.7 Conclusions
	References
15 Fish
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Acute fish toxicity testing
	15.3 Replacement of the fish bioassay by the fish cell line test
	15.4 “Real time” fish monitors for wastewater effluents, at river sites and fish monitors for protecting of drinking water ...
	15.5 Static, semi-static and dynamic fish bioassays
	15.6 Fish biomarker bioassays
	15.7 Bioassays and fish reproduction: fertilization, embryo-larvae, early life stage, lifescycle (“reciprocal” bioassays)
		15.7.1 “Reciprocal fish bioassay” with running ripe contaminated fish, fertilization, egg incubation and influence of solar...
			15.7.1.1 Permeability of the fish-eggs and multixenobiotic resistance-mediating transport (MXRtr)
			15.7.1.2 Eco-genotoxicity: influence of solar ultraviolet-B on pelagic fish embryos: DNA fragmentation and thymine dimers
	References
16 Bioassays for solar UV radiation
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Criteria for reliable biological UV dosimeters
	16.3 The DLR biofilm dosimeter
	16.4 Other biological monitoring systems
	16.5 Monitoring of environmental UV radiation
	16.6 Applications in space
	References
17 A comparison of commonly used and commercially available bioassays for aquatic ecosystems
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 An overview of commonly used commercial bioassays
	17.3 Comparison of common bioassays
		17.3.1 Sensitivity
		17.3.2 Response time
		17.3.3 Costs
	References
18 Ecotoxicological monitoring of wastewater
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Water treatment plants
	18.3 Measurement of toxicity in water treatment plants
	18.4 Monitoring of industrial wastewaters
	18.5 Comparison of bioassays
	18.6 Conclusions and outlook
	References
19 Marine toxicology: assays and perspectives for developing countries
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Artemia sp. toxicity tests
	19.3 Mysidopsis juniae toxicity tests
	19.4 Perna perna toxicity test
	19.5 Conclusions
	References
20 Applications for the real environment
	20.1 From the bioassay in the laboratory to the field situation
		20.1.1 Bridging the lab-field gap
		20.1.2 The on site “WaBoLu Aquatox” monitoring system
	20.2 Real time bioassays for online monitoring in the environment
	20.3 Application of the Early-Life-Stage Test (ELST) for in situ testing on, a research vessel
	20.4 Applications of bioassays in an extreme environment
	20.5 Bioassays and mesocosms: artificial streams and ponds
	References
21 Environmental monitoring using bioassays
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Bioassay tests
	21.3 ECOTOX
	21.4 Short-term vs long-term tests
	21.5 ECOTOX measurements in Egyptian lakes
	21.6 Conclusions
	References
Index
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