Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease : Bioactive Foods in Chronic Disease States

Physiology of Digestion......Page 1
Profile: Dysbiosis......Page 2
Benefits of microflora......Page 3
Preventive applications......Page 4
Associated signs and symptoms......Page 5
Profile: Allergic Reactions as a Cause and Effect of Leaky Gut......Page 6
Allergies as a cause of hyperpermeability......Page 7
Poorly timed gastric emptying......Page 8
Delayed transit time......Page 9
Transit time test interpretation......Page 10
Exercise and physical activity......Page 11
References......Page 12
Relevant Websites......Page 13
Role of Antioxidant Carotenoids......Page 14
Alcoholic Liver Disease and Carotenoids......Page 15
Clinical Case-Control Studies......Page 16
Alcohol-induced increases of serum liver enzymes with carotenoids......Page 18
Cigarette Smoking Exacerbates Depletion of Serum Carotenoids Induced by Alcohol?......Page 19
Synergistic interaction of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking with serum carotenoids......Page 20
Differences among six carotenoids against oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking......Page 21
Nonalcoholic Liver Disease and Carotenoids......Page 22
Hyperglycemia-Induced Increases of Serum Liver Enzymes with Carotenoids......Page 23
Intervention Study......Page 26
Conclusions......Page 27
References......Page 28
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Dietary Supply, Synthesis, and Need......Page 30
Animal Models for Early Life Programming Research......Page 32
Avian Model: A Unique Research Tool......Page 33
Early Exposure to n-3 PUFA and Tissue Retention in the Progeny......Page 35
Early Exposure to n-3 PUFA: In Ovo vs. Early Posthatch Access......Page 36
In Ovo Exposure of n-3 Fatty Acids: Effects on Eicosanoid Generation and Inflammatory Processes in Broiler Birds......Page 37
Research on Avian Model: Extrapolation of Information......Page 38
References......Page 39
Definitions......Page 42
The GIT Ecosystem......Page 43
Prebiotics......Page 45
Probiotics......Page 46
Health Benefits......Page 48
References......Page 54
Introduction......Page 57
Oral Diseases......Page 58
Oral Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds......Page 59
Gastric Esophageal Reflux Disease and Barret\'s Esophagus......Page 61
Bioactive Foods Against H. pylori Infection......Page 62
Intestinal Diseases......Page 63
Peptic Ulcer Disease......Page 64
Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 65
Bioactive Foods for Treatment of IBD......Page 66
Colorectal Cancer......Page 69
Bioactive Food Components in Prevention of GI Cancer......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 71
References......Page 72
Relevant Websites......Page 75
Introduction......Page 76
Anthocyanins......Page 77
Black soybean......Page 78
Common bean......Page 82
Peanut......Page 84
Lentils......Page 85
References......Page 86
Introduction......Page 89
Description, Production, and Composition......Page 91
Antioxidant Properties of PJ......Page 92
Anticancer Activities of the PJ......Page 95
Effects of the PJ on CVDs......Page 96
Other Effects of the PJ......Page 98
References......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 100
Relevant Websites......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
Resveratrol......Page 103
Bioavailability......Page 104
Curcumin......Page 105
Absorption, Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Metabolism......Page 106
Anti-inflammatory Property......Page 107
Bioavailability......Page 108
Sulforaphane......Page 109
Antioxidant Property......Page 110
Conclusions......Page 111
References......Page 112
Further reading......Page 113
What is an Antioxidant?......Page 115
Antioxidant Capacity Methods......Page 116
Antioxidant Capacity of Medicinal Plants of the North Central Region of Argentina......Page 117
Plant Material......Page 118
FRAP method......Page 119
Results and Discussion......Page 120
References......Page 122
Dysregulated Immune Reaction......Page 124
Environmental Factors......Page 125
Disease Susceptibility Genes......Page 126
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species......Page 127
ROS in IBD......Page 128
Oxidants and Antioxidants in the Experimental Colitis......Page 131
Curcumin......Page 132
Superoxide Dismutase......Page 133
Herbal Remedies......Page 134
Free Radical Scavengers......Page 135
iNOS Inhibitor......Page 136
Superoxide Dismutase......Page 137
Allopurinol......Page 138
References......Page 139
Introduction......Page 141
Alcoholic Fatty Liver: Metabolic Changes......Page 142
Acute Alcohol Prevention......Page 143
Chronic Alcohol Prevention......Page 144
Prevalence of NAFLD......Page 145
Hepatic Steatosis......Page 146
Chinese Herbal Treatment of NAFLD......Page 147
Fibrosis......Page 148
Chinese Medical Treatment of Liver Fibrosis......Page 149
Chinese Medical Treatment of HCC......Page 150
Liver Toxicity due to Herbal medicine......Page 151
References......Page 154
Further Reading......Page 158
Relevant websites......Page 159
Introduction......Page 160
PUFAs: Structure, Nomenclature, Sources, and Interconversion......Page 161
Intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs and Risk of Developing IBD......Page 163
Arachidonic-Acid-Derived Eicosanoids in IBD......Page 164
Fatty Acid Modification of Eicosanoid Profiles......Page 166
Transcription Factors Involved in Regulating Inflammatory Gene Expression......Page 167
Fatty Acid Modulation of Transcription Factor Activation and Inflammatory Cytokine Production......Page 168
Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on T Cells......Page 169
Efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in Animal Models of IBD......Page 170
Overview and Summary of Human Studies......Page 173
Meta-analyses......Page 176
Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
Alcohol and Gastrointestinal Tract Function......Page 185
Acute and Chronic Ingestion of Alcohol......Page 186
Absorption of Alcohol......Page 187
Effect on the Esophagus......Page 188
Gastric Metabolism......Page 189
Absorption of macro- and micronutrients......Page 191
Vitamins......Page 192
Increased gut permeability......Page 194
Effect on Mucosal Morphology......Page 195
Other cell types with distinct ultrastructural features......Page 196
Brush border enzymes......Page 197
Alkaline phosphatase......Page 198
Membrane enzymes......Page 199
Isocitrate dehydrogenase......Page 200
Bacterial Flora......Page 201
Bacteriocolonic metabolism of alcohol......Page 203
Hepatic metabolism......Page 204
Liver function tests......Page 207
Alkaline phosphatase......Page 208
Alcoholic Pancreatitis......Page 209
References......Page 211
Introduction to the World\'s Biggest Problem......Page 223
Epidemic of Non-Communicable Diseases\r......Page 224
Inflammation......Page 227
Energy Density and Nutrient Density......Page 229
Acid-Base Balance, NaCl Salt, and Fiber Content of the Diet......Page 234
Roadmapping the Future......Page 235
References......Page 236
Relevant Websites......Page 240
The Surge of Herbal Product Use Within Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 241
Herbal Supplement Identity, Efficacy, and Safety: Chaos in the Cyber Marketplace......Page 242
Yellow Oleander or `Codo de Fraile´......Page 243
Toxicity of Thevetia spp.......Page 244
Weight Loss and Other Health Claims Made on the Internet for Candle Nut Tree Seeds......Page 245
Safety Issues......Page 246
References......Page 247
Introduction......Page 249
Colonization and Succession of Human Intestinal Microbiota with Age......Page 250
Selection and Evaluation of Probiotic for Possibility in Allergic Management......Page 252
Stimulation of Cytokine Production by TMC0356 and Enhancement of T-helper 1 Type Response......Page 253
Implication by TMC0356 to IgE-Mediated Immune Responses......Page 254
Alleviation of Allergic Symptoms and Improvement of Related Inflammation by TMC0356......Page 255
Colonization of TMC0356 in Human Intestine and Stabilized Intestinal Microbiota in Allergic Subjects......Page 257
References......Page 258
Liver Diseases......Page 260
Turmeric......Page 261
Red chili......Page 262
Grape......Page 263
Indian gooseberry......Page 264
Ivy gourd......Page 265
Soy......Page 266
Coffee......Page 267
References......Page 268
Brewing of Japanese Soy Sauce......Page 271
Polysaccharides from Soy Sauce......Page 272
Iron Fortification with Soy Sauce......Page 273
Promotive Effect of SPS on Iron Absorption......Page 274
Triacylglycerol Absorption......Page 275
Reducing Effect of SPS on Triacylglycerol Absorption......Page 276
Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
Definition and Classification of Prebiotics......Page 280
Effects of Prebiotics on GI Function......Page 281
Irritable Bowel Syndrome......Page 283
Tube Feeding-Associated GI Intolerance......Page 284
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases......Page 285
Acute Pancreatitis......Page 287
Antibiotics-Associated Diarrhea and C. difficile Disease......Page 288
Prebiotics and Postoperative Infections......Page 289
Traveler\'s Diarrhea......Page 290
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease......Page 291
References......Page 292
Effects of Curcumin on Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 295
Irritable Bowel Syndrome......Page 296
Dyspepsia......Page 297
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease-Associated Diarrhea......Page 298
Crohn\'s disease......Page 299
Ulcerative colitis......Page 300
Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity......Page 301
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease......Page 302
Pancreatic Cancer......Page 303
Colonic Tumors......Page 304
References......Page 305
Relevant Website......Page 306
Introduction......Page 307
Immune Tolerance......Page 308
Involvement of Intestinal Microbiota......Page 309
Bacterial Recognition......Page 310
PRR Signaling......Page 311
Macrophage and Dendritic Cells......Page 313
Current Scientific Evidence......Page 314
Conclusions and New Perspectives......Page 316
References......Page 317
Further Reading......Page 318
Relevant Websites......Page 319
Biological factors......Page 320
Developmental factors......Page 321
Social factors......Page 322
Do Dietary Patterns Change with the Transition to Adulthood?......Page 323
Dietary Patterns in Adulthood......Page 324
Psychological Mechanisms of Dietary Change in Adulthood......Page 325
Conclusion......Page 328
References......Page 329
How Cholelithiasis Is Originated and Complicated?......Page 331
Symptoms of Cholelithiasis......Page 332
Pathophysiology......Page 334
Cholesterol Gallstones......Page 335
Role of Diet Therapy and Challenges in Cholelithiasis Treatment......Page 336
Nutrition Supplements in Cholelithiasis......Page 337
Vitamin C......Page 338
Physiochemical Basis of Cholelithiasis......Page 339
Nutritional Management of Cholelithiasis......Page 343
Cholelithiasis Enzyme Assay Development to Test Diets......Page 344
Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase Enzymatic Estimation and Enzyme Activity......Page 345
The Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity and Cytochrome P450 Concentration in Liver Cell Microsomes......Page 346
Future Prospectives on Cholelithiasis and Nutrition......Page 347
References......Page 349
Gastrointestinal Tract and Gut Microbiota......Page 354
Gut Microbiota and Health......Page 355
Gut Microbiota and Therapeutic Action of Probiotics......Page 356
Probiotics and Gastrointestinal Health......Page 357
Mechanisms of Action of Probiotic......Page 359
Adhesion and Competitive Inhibition of Pathogens to the Intestine......Page 360
Toxins Adherence and Removal by Probiotics......Page 362
Immune Regulation and Modulation......Page 363
References......Page 364
Pathophysiology of IBS......Page 367
Evidence of Intestinal Flora Alterations in IBS......Page 368
Probiotic Organisms and IBS......Page 369
Discussion......Page 375
References......Page 376
Relevant Websites......Page 378
Introduction......Page 379
Luteolin Suppresses IL-8 mRNA Expression of Caco-2 Cells in In Vitro Gut Inflammation Model......Page 380
Luteolin Suppresses TNF-α Secretion from RAW264.7 Cells in In Vitro Gut Inflammation Model......Page 381
Luteolin Suppresses Nuclear Factor-KappaB Translocation into the Nucleus of RAW264.7 Cells in In Vitro Gut Inflammation Mo......Page 382
Discussion......Page 383
References......Page 385
Microbial Diversity of the Human Microbiota......Page 387
Functions of the Human Microbiota......Page 388
Analysis of Human Microbiota: Metagenomics......Page 389
Microbiome and Human Health......Page 390
Oral Cavity and Stomach Diseases......Page 391
Intestinal Diseases......Page 392
Allergies and Atopic Disease......Page 393
Obesity and Overweight......Page 394
Skin Diseases......Page 395
Other Diseases......Page 396
Microbiome and Probiotics......Page 397
References......Page 398
Abbreviations......Page 402
Introduction......Page 403
Folate Metabolism and Bioavailability......Page 404
Folate and NTDs......Page 407
Folate and Other Diseases......Page 408
Folate and Cancer......Page 409
Folic Acid Fortification and Supplementation......Page 410
Folate Biosynthesis and Lactic Acid Bacteria......Page 411
Folate Biosynthesis from Lactic Acid Bacteria......Page 412
Folate and Probiotics......Page 414
Folate Production Using Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria......Page 415
Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 419
Further Reading......Page 421
Introduction......Page 422
Rotaviruses......Page 423
Enteroviruses......Page 424
Possible Mechanisms of Probiotics Action Against Intestinal Viruses......Page 425
Laboratory Evidence of Probiotics-Conferred Resistance to Gastrointestinal Viral Infections......Page 427
Animal Models......Page 429
Cell Culture Models......Page 430
Clinical Evidence......Page 431
References......Page 433
Introduction......Page 436
Effect of PROBIOTICS on the Systemic Immune Response......Page 437
Action of Probiotics on the Mucosal Immune Response in Normal or Immunosuppressed Host......Page 438
Mechanisms Involved in the Antitumor Activity Exerted by Probiotics and Fermented Milks......Page 442
Mechanisms Involved in the Immunostimulation by Probiotic Bacteria......Page 445
References......Page 448
Herbal Drugs in Gastrointestinal Ailments/Diseases......Page 451
Aegle marmelos......Page 453
Boswellia serrata......Page 454
Curcuma longa......Page 455
Picrorhiza kurroa......Page 456
Tinospora cordifolia......Page 457
Zingiber officinale......Page 458
Acknowledgments......Page 459
References......Page 460
Liver Diseases......Page 462
Plants as Hepatoprotective Agents......Page 463
Ginger as a Hepatoprotective Agent......Page 464
Ginger Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 465
Ginger Protects Against Heavy-Metal-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 466
Ginger Protects Against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 467
Ginger Protects Against Bromobenzene-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 468
Ginger Prevents Liver Cancer......Page 469
Ginger Corrects the Hepatic Lipid Metabolism......Page 470
Free Radical Scavenging Effects......Page 471
Anti-inflammatory Effect......Page 472
Conclusions......Page 473
References......Page 474
Introduction......Page 477
Traditional Uses......Page 478
Anticariogenic Activity......Page 480
Gastrointestinal Effects......Page 481
Antiulcer Effects Gastroprotection......Page 482
Betel Leaf Is an Antimutagen and Prevents Experimental Oral and Gastric Carcinogenesis......Page 483
Anti-Inflammatory Effects......Page 485
References......Page 486
Introduction......Page 489
Medicinal Uses of Bael......Page 490
Bael Possesses Gastroprotective Effects......Page 492
Bael Possesses Antibacterial Effects on Certain Enteric Bacteria......Page 493
Bael Reduces the Chemical-Induced Diarrhea......Page 494
Bael Leaf and Fruit Prevent Carbon Tetrachloride and Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 495
Increase in Antioxidant Enzymes......Page 497
References......Page 498
Introduction......Page 501
Picroliv Protects Against the Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 503
Picroliv Protects Against Galactosamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 504
Picroliv Protects Against Monocrotaline-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 505
Picroliv Protects Against N-Nitrosodiethylamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 506
Picroliv Protects Against Hydrazine-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 507
Picroliv Reduces the Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatic Damage......Page 508
Conclusions......Page 509
References......Page 510
Introduction......Page 512
Traditional Uses......Page 513
Effect of Amla on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Syndrome......Page 515
Effect of Amla on Hepatotoxicity of Ethanol......Page 516
Effect of Amla on Hepatotoxicity of Ochratoxin......Page 517
Effect of Amla on Hepatotoxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4......Page 518
Effect of Amla Phytochemicals on Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Damage......Page 519
Mechanism of Action/s Responsible for the Hepatoprotective Effects......Page 520
Conclusions......Page 521
References......Page 522
Introduction......Page 524
Traditional Uses......Page 525
Tulsi Reduces Heavy Metal-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 526
Tulsi Prevents Chlorpyrifos-Induced Liver Damage......Page 527
Tulsi Prevents Radiation-Induced Liver Damage......Page 528
Tulsi and Ursolic Acid Prevents Chemical-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis and Mutagenesis......Page 529
Effect of Tulsi on Hepatic Metabolism and Metabolic Syndrome......Page 530
Tulsi Prevents Gastric Carcinogenesis......Page 531
Conclusions......Page 532
References......Page 533
Introduction......Page 535
Turmeric the Indian Culinary Gold in Gastroprotection......Page 536
Phytochemistry......Page 537
Traditional Uses......Page 538
Curcumin Protects Against Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer in Rat......Page 539
Curcumin Protects Against Reserpine-Induced Ulcer in Rat......Page 540
Turmeric/Curcumin Gastric Cancer......Page 541
Conclusions......Page 543
References......Page 544
Bioactive Foods: A New Hope in Fatty Liver Disease......Page 547
What Are Hepatocellular Protective Bioactive Foods?......Page 549
What Remains Still to Solve the Hepatocellular Protection by Bioactive Foods?......Page 550
Animal Studies......Page 552
Clinical Trials......Page 553
Abundance......Page 555
Basic Wild Fruit Parts......Page 556
Wild Foods in Hepatobiliary Health and Protection......Page 558
Present State of Art......Page 560
What Are the Unresolved Challenges?......Page 562
Who Need the Alternative Approaches of Nutrition Therapy in Hepatic Injury......Page 565
Government policy: criteria of suggested practice of nutrition therapy in hepatobiliary prevention......Page 566
Bioactive Foods and Nutraceuticals in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Disease: A Survey......Page 567
Mechanism of Hepatobiliary Prevention by Bioactive Food Contents......Page 568
NAFLD/NASH in the Human Body and Nutraceutical Protection......Page 569
Nutrition Therapy of Fatty Liver: Nutritional Support Guideline......Page 570
Risk factors......Page 571
Futuristic prospectives......Page 572
Challenges, Hypes, Hopes and Futuristic Role of Nutrition Therapy in Hepatocellular Protection......Page 573
Conclusion......Page 574
References......Page 575
Role of Diet Therapy and Challenges in Cholelithiasis Treatment......Page 580
Obesity and weight loss......Page 581
Vegetarian diet lifestyle......Page 582
Dietary fiber and bran......Page 583
Present Status of Cholesterol Saturation and Dietary Fibers......Page 584
How to Enhance the Hypocholesterolemic Effect by Apple Diets?......Page 587
Wild food as other dietary supplements......Page 588
Food allergy and cholecystitis......Page 589
Rowachol......Page 590
Gallbladder Flush......Page 592
Future Prospectives on Cholelithiasis and Nutrition......Page 593
Conclusion......Page 594
References......Page 595
Introduction......Page 600
Traditional Uses......Page 604
Gastroprotective Effects......Page 605
Jamun Prevents Gastric Carcinogenesis......Page 607
Radioprotective Effects......Page 608
Hepatoprotective Effects......Page 609
Conclusions......Page 610
References......Page 611
Abbreviations......Page 614
Phytochemicals in the Protection of Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity......Page 615
Meso-Zeaxanthin......Page 616
Betaine......Page 618
Ellagic Acid......Page 621
Quercetin......Page 622
Hydroxystilbenes and Resveratrol......Page 623
Picroliv......Page 624
Mechanisms......Page 625
References......Page 626
Introduction......Page 630
Major Biochemical Pathways of Omega-3 Fatty Acids......Page 632
Omega-3 Content in Major Natural Sources......Page 635
Major Health Effects of Omega-3......Page 637
Biotechnology for Improving Omega-3 Production......Page 638
Omega-3 in Modified Animal Product Foods......Page 640
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Nutraceuticals......Page 641
Nutrition Versus Supplementation......Page 642
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation: A Double-Edged Sword?......Page 643
The Development of Omega-3 Nutraceuticals in Liver Diseases......Page 645
Acknowledgments......Page 646
References......Page 647
Relevant Websites......Page 648
Associated signs and symptoms......Page 649
Self-evaluation: Testing for pH......Page 650
Buffering cellular chemistry......Page 652
Antioxidants: Ascorbate to zinc......Page 654
Associated Signs and Symptoms......Page 655
Glycemic load: Newer and more useful......Page 656
Food Allergies and Sensitivities......Page 657
The link between allergies and digestive competence......Page 658
Evaluation: LRA by ELISA/ACT Tests......Page 659
Intervention: Hypoallergenic Diet......Page 666
References......Page 667
Relevant Websites......Page 669
Fatty Liver Is Health Hazard......Page 670
Oxidative Stress......Page 671
Increased hepatic uptake of fatty acids......Page 672
Impaired fatty acid oxidation......Page 673
Accelerated de novo fatty acid synthesis......Page 674
Decreased export of triglycerides from the liver......Page 675
Mechanisms of Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System MEOS......Page 676
Alcohol and nutrition......Page 680
Elevated Liver Enzymes......Page 681
Focal Hepatic Steatosis......Page 682
Ultrasound......Page 683
Biomarkers in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Evaluation......Page 684
Nutrition Therapy in Hepatic Fibrosis......Page 685
PPC and Other Antioxidants: Pathogenesis of the Deficiency and Its Consequences......Page 686
Therapeutic Approaches with PPC, Including Clinical Trials......Page 687
Emerging New Supplements and Adjunct Life Styles in Fatty Liver Protection......Page 688
Nutrition Elements in Nonalcoholic Liver Disease......Page 689
Antihepatotoxicity Properties of Bioactive Foods: Less Known Herbs......Page 692
References......Page 696
Abbreviations......Page 703
Introduction......Page 704
Ayurvedic Plants and IBD......Page 706
Curcumin, the Active Principle of Turmeric......Page 707
Guggulsterone, the Active Principle of C. mukul......Page 708
A. sativum......Page 709
B. serrata......Page 710
P. granatum......Page 711
T. foenum-graecum......Page 712
Ayurvedic-Based Polyherbal Formulation......Page 713
References......Page 714
Introduction......Page 716
Ginger and Health of Gastrointestinal System......Page 717
Ginger in Oral Health......Page 718
Ginger Is Effective Against Various Gastric Ulcerogens......Page 719
Ginger is an Effective Antiemetic Agent......Page 720
Ginger Is Effective on Digestive Enzymes......Page 722
Effect of Ginger on the Intestinal Pathogens......Page 723
Ginger Prevents Diarrhea......Page 724
References......Page 725
A......Page 729
B......Page 730
C......Page 731
E......Page 733
F......Page 734
G......Page 735
H......Page 737
I......Page 738
L......Page 739
N......Page 740
P......Page 741
S......Page 743
Z......Page 744
Front Matter......Page 746
Preface: Liver and Gastrointestinal Health......Page 748
Contributors......Page 750
Copyright......Page 756