Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes

Cover
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS DIETARY
INTERVENTIONS
FOR DIABETES
Copyright
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Part A: Overview of Food, Diet and Diabetes
1
Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
	Introduction
	Systemic Glucose Homeostasis Is a Multi-Organ Process
	Glucose Dysregulation: The Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance
	Origins of Oxidative Stress in Various Cell Types
		Renin-Angiotensin System and NADPH Oxidase
		Nutrient Excess and Mitochondrial Overactivity
		Hyperglycemia
		Dyslipidemia: Role of Excess FFAs
		Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
		Additional Role of Nitrosative Stress
	Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance
		Oxidative Stress and Defects in Insulin Signaling: Skeletal Muscle and Liver
		Oxidative Stress and Defects in Insulin Secretion: Pancreatic Beta-Cells
		Oxidative Stress and Defects in Vascular Function
	Utility of Select Antioxidants as Interventions in Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance
		General Concepts of Antioxidant Properties
		α-Lipoic Acid and Its Effects on Glucoregulation
	Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
2
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils and Trans Fatty Acids: Profile and Application to Diabetes
	Introduction
	Dietary Fats: HVOs and TFAs
	Global Consumption Rates of TFAs
	TFAs, HVOs, and T2DM
	Cell Studies
	Animal Studies
	Epidemiological Studies
	Randomized Control Trials
	Mechanisms of TFAs/HVOs in the Progression of T2DM
	Policy Efforts Regarding TFAs/HVOs Reduction
	Conclusion
	References
3
A Protocol Outline of Dietary Intervention to Contrast Diabetic Nephropathy
	Introduction
	Overall Caloric Intake and General Nutrition Patterns
	Proteins in the Diet
		Protein Restriction: How Far?
		Sources of Dietary Proteins, Associated Micronutrients, and Nephrotoxic Food-Related Components
	Sodium and Phosphorous
	Fruit and Vegetables
		Olive Oil
		Anthocyanin-Rich Vegetables
		Additional Studies on Vegetables and Herbs
	Nutraceuticals of Both Plant and Animal Origin
		Vitamin B6
		Lipoic Acid
	Nutritional Therapy in DM: A Road Map to Contrast Onset and Progression of DN
	References
	Further Reading
4
Bioactive Foods as Dietary Intervention for Diabetes From the Perspective of Persian Medicine
	Introduction
	Persian Medicine
	Diabetes in PM
	Dietary Interventions for Diabetes in PM
		Healthy Eating Rules in PM
		Individualized Dietary Recommendations for Diabetes in PM
	Herbal Supplements Recommended for Diabetes in PM
		Plantago psyllium
		Cinnamomum verum
		Spinacia oleracea
		Rhus coriaria
		Citrullus colocynthis
		Portulaca oleracea
		Hordeum vulgare
		Carthamus tinctorius
	Conclusion and Future Research
	Summary
	References
5
Dietary Manipulations for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
	Introduction
	Weight Loss and Caloric Restriction
	Carbohydrates and Low Glycemic Index Diets
	Fructose
	Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA)
	Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
	Mediterranean Diet
	Coffee
	Conclusion
	References
6
Avocado Oil and Diabetic Complications Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction
	Introduction
	Role of Mitochondria Dysfunction in the Development of Diabetic Complications
	Protective Effects of Avocado Oil on the Alterations Induced by Diabetes on the ETC and Oxidative Stress in Liver, Kid ...
	Future Perspectives
	References
7
Whey Protein and the Metabolic Syndrome
	Introduction
	Dairy Proteins
	Hypertension
	Vascular Function
	Glucose and Insulin
	Satiety and Appetite
	Body Composition
	Blood Lipids
	Conclusion
	References
8
The Effects of Soy Products and Isoflavones in Metabolic Syndrome and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
	Introduction
	Fermented Soy Product and Isoflavones in Adipose Tissue Metabolism
	Soy and Isoflavones in Weight Loss
	Soy and Isoflavones in Cardiovascular Diseases and Dyslipidemias
	Soy and Isoflavones in Glycemic Control
	Soy and Isoflavones in NAFLD
	Summary Points
	References
9
The Genus Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Alloideae): Features, Phytoconstituents, and Mechanisms of Antidiabetic Pote ...
	Introduction
	Amaryllidaceae Family
	A. cepa and A. sativum
	Chemical Profiles of Onion and Garlic
	Quercetin
	Isorhamnetin
	Kaempferol and Anthocyanins
	Rutin and Luteolin
	Fructan and Coumarin
	Steroids
	Allicin
	Antidiabetic Significance of Onion and Garlic
	Conclusion
	REFERENCES
Part B: Micronutrients and Diabetes
10
The Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
	Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis
		Vitamin D and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis
			Vitamin D-Related Genetic Predisposition
			Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in Type 1 Diabetes
		Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis
			Vitamin D and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
			Vitamin D and Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction
			Vitamin D and Inflammation
	Vitamin D and Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus
		Vitamin D and Prevention of T1DM
		Vitamin D and Prevention of T2DM
	Vitamin D and Glycemic Control
		Vitamin D and Glycemic Control in T1DM
		Vitamin D in Glycemic Treatment of T2DM
	Conclusions
	References
11
Vitamin D3 in the Type 1 Diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults, Its Use for Prevention and Treatment
	Introduction
	Vitamin D3: Immune System, T1DM and LADA
	Vitamin D3-Potential Therapeutic on Immune System and Beta Cell Function for Type 1 Diabetes and LADA. Questions to Answer
	Conclusion
	References
12
Role of Omega-3-Fatty Acids in the Management of Diabetes and Associated Complications
	Introduction
		Complications Associated With Diabetes
	Bioactive Foods
		Omega-3-Fatty Acids
		What Are Omega-3-Fatty Acids?
		How Omega-3-Fatty Acids Works?
		Sources of Omega-3-Fatty Acids
		Benefits of Omega-3-Fatty Acids in Diabetic Complications
	Conclusion
	References
13
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
		Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		Pathogenesis and Metabolism of T2DM
		Nutritional Metabolism of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs
		Inflammatory Markers in T2DM
		Effects of PUFA on Metabolic and Inflammatory Processes in T2DM
	Conclusion
	References
14
Oleic Acid in the Diet and What It Does: Implications for Diabetes and Its Complications
	Introduction
	Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus With OA Intake
	Benefits of OA in T2DM
		Blood Pressure
		Adiposity Parameters
		Glycemic Control
		Lipid Profile
		Insulin Resistance
		Hemostasis, Platelet Aggregation, and Fibrinolysis
		Low-Grade Inflammatory Response
	Effect of OA in the Prevention of Complications
		Microvascular Complications
			Diabetic Retinopathy
			Diabetic Nephropathy
		Macrovascular Complications
			Cerebrovascular Disease
			Peripheral Arterial Disease
			Coronary Heart Disease
	Concluding Remarks
	References
15
Micronutrient Deficiencies and Dysfunctional Endothelial Phenotype in Obesity
	Introduction
	Obesity and Micronutrients Deficiency
	The Continuum of Obesity-Related Endothelial Dysfunction
	Mechanisms of Reduced NO Bioavailability in Obesity
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
16
Magnesium and Relationship with Diabetes
	Magnesium
	Diabetes
	Mg Deficiency in the General Population, Chronically Ill and Diabetics
	Mg Intakes and Serum Mg Concentrations Are Inversely Associated With Diabetes Risk and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism
	Mg Supplementation and Glucose Metabolism: Results From RCT
	Mg Deficiency and Insulin Sensitivity: Molecular Mechanisms
	Mg Intake and Diabetes
	Type 2 Diabetes for Setting Dietary Reference Values for Mg and a Reference Interval for Total Serum Mg Concentration
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	REFERENCES
17
Plasma Levels of Tryptophan Metabolites in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
	Ethics
	Statistics
	Methods
		Assays of TRP Metabolites
			Reagents
			Instrumentation and Analytical Conditions
			Sample Pretreatment
	Results
	Discussion
	References
	Further Reading
18
Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
	Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk
	Metabolic Pathways of Magnesium in the Lipid Profile
	Magnesium Supplementation in the Improvement of Lipid Profile
	REFERENCES
	FURTHER READING
Part C: Macronutrients and Diabetes
19
Nutritional Management of Diabetes-A Critical Review
	Introduction
	Minerals
		Magnesium
		Zinc
		Chromium
	Olive Oil
	Coffee
	Tea
	Bitter Melon
	Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
	MUFA, PUFA, and Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs)
	Omega-3 Fatty Acid
	Findings on Fruits and Vegetables
	Vegetarian Diets and Nutrient Deficiencies
	Dietary Patterns
		Carbohydrate Diet
		Protein Diet
	Conclusion
	REFERENCES
20
Phytotherapeutics in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
	Introduction
	Phytotherapeutics in Prediabetes
	Phytotherapeutics for Glycemic Control
	Phytotherapeutics in Diabetes-Associated Diseases
	Summary: Phytotherapeutics in an Integrative Diabetes Management
	References
	Further Reading
21
The Mediterranean Diet for an Effective Management of Metabolic Syndrome in Both Men and Women
	Introduction
	Metabolic Syndrome and Weight Loss
	MedDiet and Traditional CVD Risk Factors Associated With MetS
	MedDiet and Nontraditional CVD Risk Factors Associated With MetS
		Inflammation
		Endothelial Function
		Atherogenic LDL Particles
	Conclusions
	Summary Points
	References
22
Antidiabetic Efficacy of Citrus Fruits With Special Allusion to Flavone Glycosides
	Introduction
	Citrus Fruits
	Citrus Fruits and Diabetes Mellitus
	Citrus Flavone Glycosides
		Naringin
		Hesperidin
		Diosmin
	Conclusion
	References
Part D: Functional Food and Diabetes
23
Nutritional and Therapeutic Applications of Prickly Pear Cacti
	Introduction
	Botanical Characteristics
	Nutritional and Medicinal Uses of Prickly Pear Cacti
	Medicinal Parts and Bioactive Ingredients
	Uses in Mexican Traditional Medicine
	Scientific Studies With Prickly Pear Cacti
	Animal Studies Using Different Species of Opuntia
	Human Studies With Using Various Species of Opuntia
	Conclusions
	References
24
Cardioprotective Potential of Flaxseeds in Diabetes
	Type 2 Diabetes
	Flaxseed
	Flaxseeds as a Nutritional Therapy for Diabetes
		Weight Management
		Glucose Regulation
		Lipid Regulation
		Blood Pressure Regulation
	Flaxseeds: Dietary Recommendation
	Summary
	References
25
May Achillea Species Be a Source of Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus?
	Introduction
	The Taxonomy of the Genus Achillea L (Table 1)12-15
	Botanical Characteristics of the Achillea Species11
	Chemical Profile of Achillea Species
		Sesquiterpene Lactones
		Flavonoids
		Essential Oils
		Other Phenolic Compounds
		Other Compounds
	Antidiabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity Studies on Achillea Species
		Achillea biebersteinii Afan
		Achillea millefolium L
		Achillea santolina L
		Other Achillea Species
	Conclusion
	Summary Points
	References
26
Zingiberaceae Family Effects on Alpha-Glucosidase Activity: Implication for Diabetes
	Introduction
	Diabetes and Obesity
	Alpha-Glucosidase Enzymes as a Therapeutic Target for Diabetes
	Benefits of Zingiberaceae as an Antidiabetic Drug
	Zingiberaceae Family as an Inhibitor of Alpha-glucosidase
		Curcuma longa L
		Zingiber officinale
		Zingiber zerumbet
	Safety Study of Zingiberaceae
	Implication of Zingiberaceae as an Antidiabetic Drug
	Conclusions
	References
27
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz. (Anacardiaceae): Profiles and Applications to Diabetes
	Introduction
	Botanical Description and Historical Background of Spondias pinnata in the Malesian Region
	Ethnobotanical Information Related to Spondias pinnata
	Antioxidant Properties of Spondias pinnata
	Conclusion
	References
28
Synergy Among Dietary Spices in Exerting Antidiabetic Influences
	Introduction
	Dietary Management of Diabetes
	Spices as Useful Antidiabetic Adjuncts
	Fenugreek (T. foenum-graecum)
	Garlic (A. sativum) and Onion (A. cepa)
	Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
	Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
	Cumin Seeds (C. cyminum) and Black Seeds (N. sativa) (Fig. 9)
	Synergy Among Spices in Exerting Antidiabetic Influence
	References
29
Human Milk as a Bioactive Food
	Introduction
	Prevalence of BF
	Milk Secretion
	Composition of HM: Bioactive Factors in HM
		Macronutrients
			Nitrogen
				Protein
				Nonprotein Nitrogen
			Fat
			Carbohydrates
		Micronutrients
			Vitamins
			Mineral and Trace Elements
		Bioactive Component of HM
			Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)
			Immunoglobulins
			Other Immunologic Components
			Milk Fat Globule Membrane
			Cells
			Growth Factors
	Benefits of BF for the Baby
		Short-Term Effects of BF
			Linear Growth
			Infectious Morbidity
			Effects on Atopic Disease
		Long-Term Effects
			BF and Blood Pressure in Later Life
		BF and Blood Cholesterol in Later Life
		BF and the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Later Life
		Neurodevelopment
		Immune-Related Diseases
	BF and Women's Health
		BF and Cancer
		Lactation and the Risk of Maternal Cardiovascular Disease
		Osteoporosis
	Clinical Application of Bioactive Milk Components: Future Research
	List of Relevant Web Pages
	References
30
Juniperus Species: Features, Profile and Applications to Diabetes
	Introduction
	Scientific Classification
	Botanical Description
	Phytochemicals Present in Juniperus Species
	Traditional Uses and Biological Activities of Junipers
	Juniperus Species in the Treatment of Diabetes
	Conclusion
	Summary Points
	References
31
Honey: Profile and Features: Applications to Diabetes
	Introduction
	Antidiabetic Profile and Features of Honey
		Fructose
		Oligosaccharides
		Inorganic Honey Constituents with Antidiabetic Profile
	Antioxidant Profile and Features of Honey
	Honey: Application to Diabetes
		Role of Honey in Insulin Deficiency and Insulin Resistance
		Role of Honey in Diabetes-Induced Metabolic Derangements
			Preclinical Studies
			Clinical Studies
		Role of Honey in Diabetes-Induced Complications
		Role of Honey in Diabetic Microvascular Complications
		Role of Honey in Diabetic Macrovascular Complications
	Conclusions and Recommendations
	Disclosure/Conflict of Interests
	References
32
Citrullus colocynthis and Its Potential Role Against Diabetes and Its Complications
	Introduction
		Common Names
		Distribution
		Botanical Descriptions
		Traditional Uses
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Animal Studies on C. colocynthis and Diabetes Mellitus
	Clinical Studies on C. colocynthis and Diabetes Mellitus
		Mechanism of Action
	Conclusion
	References
33
Red Sour Cherry for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
	Scientific Classification
	Botanical Description
	Antioxidant activity of Red Sour Cherry
	Antidiabetic Activity of Red Sour Cherry
	Adverse Effects
	Summary Points
	References
34
A Review of the Effects of Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) and Its Flavonoids, Naringin, and Naringenin in Metab ...
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Effect on Hyperglycemia
		In Vivo Studies
		In Vitro Studies
		Clinical Studies
	Effect on Dyslipidemia
		In Vivo Studies
		In Vitro Studies
		Clinical Studies
	Effect on Obesity
		In Vivo Studies
		In Vitro Studies
		Clinical Studies
	Effect on Hypertension
		In Vivo Studies
		Ex Vivo Studies
		Clinical Studies
	Effect on Atherosclerosis
		In Vivo Studies
		In Vitro Studies
		Ex Vivo Studies
		Clinical Studies
	Conclusion
	References
35
Diabetes Care and Wound Healing Using Nauclea latifolia, Manihot esculenta, and Other Natural Products
	Introduction
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Diabetes and Wound Healing
	Burden and Impact of Diabetes
	Management of Diabetes
		M. esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)
			Medicinal Importance of M. esculenta
		N. latifolia (Rubiaceae)
			Hypoglycaemic Activity of N. latifolia
			Antidiabetic Effect
			Wound Healing Effects
	Antidiabetic, Hypoglycemic, and Wound Healing Properties of Other Medicinal Plants
	Conclusion
	References
36
Intervention of Prediabetes by Flavonoids From Oroxylum indicum
	Introduction
	Intervention of Prediabetes by Flavonoids From O. indicum In Vivo
	The Mechanism of Prediabetes Prevention by the Flavonoids From O. indicum
		The Effects on α-Glucosidase
		The Effects on Insulin Resistance
		The Effect on Oxidative Stress
		Other Possible Mechanisms for T2DM Prevention
	Prospect of Flavonoids of O. indicum in T2DM Prevention
	References
37
The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine Herb Tangluoning in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
	Introduction
	The Body of the Chapter
		Basic Research
			Diabetic Model and Treatment
		Determination of Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Glucose Level
		Determination of Reaction Time to Heat and Cold Stimulation
		Determination of Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity (MNCV) of Sciatic Nerve
		Protein Digestion and Peptide Labeling
		High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
		Statistical Analyses
		Results
			TLN Alleviated STZ-induced Diabetic Symptoms
			Quantitative Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteins
			Qualitative Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteins
	Discussion
	Clinical Trial
		Data and Methods
			General Data
			Clinical Diagnostic Criteria
			Standard for TCM Syndrome Differentiation
			Inclusion Criteria
			Exclusion Criteria
		Method
			Adjustment Phase
			Treatment Phase
		Observe Indicators
			Safety Indicators
			General Indicators
			Curative Effect Indictors
			Efficacy Criteria
			Statistical Method
	Result
		Comparison on General Conditions of Two Groups
			Comparison on Curative Effect of Two Groups
			Comparison on Clinical Symptoms Improvement of Two Groups
			Comparison on Diabetic Neuropathy Score of Two Groups
			Comparison on Neurological Symptoms of Two
			Comparison on EMG Before and After Treatment of Two Groups
			Comparison on Serum Oxidative Stress of Two Groups
			Adverse Reactions
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
38
The Antidiabetes Effect and Efficacy of Rosa rugosa Thunb
	Introduction
	Ethnopharmacological Function
	Phytochemicals Present in R. rugosa Thunb
	Biological Effect of R. rugosa Thunb
		R. rugosa Thunb in the Treatment of Diabetes
		The Effects of R. rugosa Thunb on Diabetic Complication-Related Diseases
			Lipid Lowing Effects
			Antihepatotoxic
			Cardioprotective
			Antihypertensive
			Antiinflammatory
			Antioxidant
		Other Biological Effect of R. rugosa Thunb
			Antihyperplasia
			Antistress
			Antibacterial
			Antiallergic
			Antihistone Acetyltransferase Prostate Cancer
			Anti-HIV
	Safety and Toxicity Evaluation
	Clinical Application
	Conclusion
	References
39
Beneficial Role of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Functional Factors in the Intervention of Metabolic Syndrome
	Introduction
	Phytochemicals, the Secondary Metabolites Isolated From Chickpea
		The Content of Total Saponins and Its Structures
		Isoflavones, Increased in Germination and Its Structures
	Chemical Compositions From Chickpeas
		Total Protein and Peptides
		Dietary Fiber and Oligosaccharides
	Preventing Metabolic Syndrome and Management of Diabetes
		Modulating the Glycemic Response
		Regulate Dyslipidemia
		Antioxidant Activity
		Improving Insulin Resistance
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
	Further Reading
40
Nigella sativa: A Medicinal and Edible Plant That Ameliorates Diabetes
	Introduction
	N. sativa in Folk Medicine and in Diet
	Description and Chemical Composition of N. sativa
	The Beneficial Effect of N. sativa on Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
		Hypoglycemic and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of N. sativa
		The Antihyperlipidemia Effect of N. sativa
		Antiobesity Effect of N. sativa
		Antiinflammatory Effect of N. sativa
		Antioxidant Effect of N. sativa
		Anticardiovascular Effect of N. sativa
		PTP1B Inhibitory Activity of N. sativa
		Other Biological Activities of N. sativa
	Toxicological Studies and Safety of N. sativa
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
41
Application of Pomegranate Flower in Diabetes Mellitus
	Introduction
	Preventive and Therapeutic Effect on Diabetes Mellitus
		Hypoglycemic Effects
		Lipid Effects
		Hepatoprotective Effects
		Protective Effect on Vascular Endothelium of Diabetic Rats
		Antioxidant
	References
42
Traditional Herbal Products Used for the Management of Diabetes in Croatia: Linking Traditional Use With α-Gl ...
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Study Area and Its Climate
		Data Collection
	Results and Discussion
		Collection of Ethnobotanical Data
		Plant Species Recommended for Treatment of Diabetes
		Relevant Ethnobotanical Use and Pharmacological Activity of the Reported Medicinal Plants
		Inhibition of α-Glucosidase Activity by the Medicinal Plants Used for Diabetes
	Conclusions
	References
Index
Back Cover