Bioactive Extraction and Application in Food and Nutraceutical Industries (Methods and Protocols in Food Science)

Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Technologies for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Its Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
	3 Conventional Extraction Techniques
		3.1 Maceration
		3.2 Percolation
		3.3 Hydro Distillation
		3.4 Soxhlet Extraction
	4 Advanced Extraction Techniques
		4.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
		4.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
		4.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
		4.4 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)-Assisted Extraction
		4.5 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
		4.6 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
		4.7 Combination of Modern Techniques for Effective Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
	5 Purification of the Bioactive Compounds
	6 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Agro-industrial Waste
	7 Nano Emulsion as Potential Delivery Systems for Bioactive Compounds
	8 Application of Bioactive Compounds
		8.1 Functional Foods
		8.2 Food Preservatives
		8.3 Pharmaceuticals
	9 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 2: Extraction of Bioactive and Nutraceuticals from Plants and Their Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Primary and Secondary Metabolites
	3 Bioactive Compounds
	4 Bioactive Compound Types ``Natural Phenols´´
	5 Techniques for the Extraction, Isolation, and Purification of Bioactive Compounds
		5.1 Extraction Methodology
		5.2 Identification and Characterization
		5.3 Purification of the Bioactive Molecules
			5.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
			5.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
			5.3.3 Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
			5.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
			5.3.5 Identification of Chemical Compounds Using Mass Spectrometry
			5.3.6 Nonchromatographic Techniques
			5.3.7 Phytochemical Screening Assay
	6 Bioactive Compounds: Their Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
		6.1 Use of Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
		6.2 Use of Bio-Based Compounds as Food Additives
		6.3 Neuroprotective Effects of Biological Activity and Toxicity of Plant Nutraceuticals
	7 Future Perspectives
	8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Extraction of Bioactive and Nutraceuticals from Marine Sources and Their Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Novel Extraction Technologies
		2.1 Ultrasound
		2.2 PEF
		2.3 MAE
		2.4 Supercritical CO2 Extraction
	3 Bioactivities and Nutraceutical Application of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sources
		3.1 Bioactivity
			3.1.1 Antioxidant Property
			3.1.2 Antimicrobial Property
			3.1.3 Antihypertensive Property
			3.1.4 Anticancer Property
			3.1.5 Anticoagulant Property
			3.1.6 Wound Healing Property
			3.1.7 Neuroprotective Property
		3.2 Nutraceutical Property
	4 Food Application of Bioactive and Nutraceuticals Derived from Marine
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive and Nutraceuticals
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of MAE Process
	3 Factors Affecting MAE
		3.1 Microwave Power
		3.2 Extraction Time
		3.3 Extraction Solvent and Sample-to-Solvent Ratio
		3.4 Matrix Characteristics
		3.5 Temperature
	4 Some Techniques of MAE
		4.1 Solvent-Free MAE (SFM)
		4.2 Focused-MAE (FMAE)
		4.3 Ionic Liquid-Based MAE (ILMAE)
		4.4 Ultrasonic MAE (UMAE)
		4.5 Microwave Hydro-distillation (MHD)
		4.6 Microwave Hydro-diffusion and Gravity (MHG)
		4.7 Microwave-Assisted Subcritical Extraction (MASE)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Food, Pharmacy, and Biotech Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasonic System for Extraction
		2.1 Bath Systems
		2.2 Probe Systems
		2.3 Probes Versus Baths
		2.4 Online UAE System
	3 Extraction Mechanism
		3.1 Basic Principle
		3.2 UAE Mechanism
		3.3 Cavitation Effect in  UAE
		3.4 Factors Effecting  UAE
			3.4.1 Shape and Size of the Ultrasonic Reactor Device
			3.4.2 Extraction Process Parameters: Power and Frequency
			3.4.3 Solvent
			3.4.4 Temperature and  Time
			3.4.5 Particle Size of the Matrix
	4 Application of UAE in the Perspectives of Food, Pharmacy, and Biotech Industries
		4.1 UAE of Fruits, Vegetables, and Their By-Products
			4.1.1 Extraction of Pectin
			4.1.2 Extraction of Polysaccharides and Other Functional Compounds
			4.1.3 Extraction of Polyphenols
			4.1.4 Extraction of Flavonoids
			4.1.5 UAE of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids
			4.1.6 Extraction of Edible  Oils
			4.1.7 Extraction of Proteins
		4.2 UAE for Phytopharmaceutical Extraction
			4.2.1 Extracts with Anticancer Properties
			4.2.2 Extracts with Antimicrobial Properties
			4.2.3 Extracts with Antidiabetic Properties
	5 Hybridization of UAE for Industrial Application
		5.1 Combination of UAE with Microwave Assisted Extraction
		5.2 Combination of UAE with Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		5.3 Combination of Ultrasound and Extrusion Extraction
		5.4 Combination of UAE and Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop Process (DIC)
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Super- and Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Nutraceuticals and Novel Phytocompound
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of Super- and Subcritical Fluid Extraction
	3 Properties of Sub- and Supercritical Fluids
	4 Factors Affecting Extraction Yields
		4.1 Sample and Its Preparation
			4.1.1 Sample Matrix and Size
			4.1.2 Moisture and Equilibrium Time
		4.2 Cosolvent/Modifier
		4.3 Extraction Procedure
		4.4 Extraction Parameters
			4.4.1 Temperature
			4.4.2 Pressure
			4.4.3 Flow Rate
			4.4.4 Time
	5 Comparison with Conventional Method
	6 Novel Technology Integrated Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction
	7 Current Application of Super- and Subcritical Extraction
	8 Characterization of Extracted Bioactive Compounds
		8.1 Extracts Bioactivity
			8.1.1 In Vitro Characterization
			8.1.2 In Vivo Analysis (Clinical Trial/Animal Study)
			8.1.3 Toxicity Assay
		8.2 Stability of Bioactive Compounds
	9 Advances and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 7: Novel Solvent Based Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Water as a Solvent
	3 Organic Solvents
		3.1 Subcritical Hot Water as a Solvent for Extraction
	4 Renewable Water-Based Solvents
		4.1 Aqueous Two-Phase Systems as Extractants
		4.2 Supercritical Fluid Extractants
	5 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Extraction
		5.1 Properties of  ILs
		5.2 Toxicology Considerations
	6 Regeneration of Organic Phase
	7 Bio-Derived Solvents in Water
	8 Application of Solvent Extraction in Biotechnological Separations
		8.1 Carboxylic Acids Separation
		8.2 Amino Acids
		8.3 Citric Acid
		8.4 Extraction of Oil from Algae Biomass
		8.5 Bioactive from Marine Algae
	9 Pharmaceutical Separations
		9.1 Production of Penicillin
	10 Future Trends in the Development of New Solvents
	11 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Examples of Plant-Based Bioactives
		2.1 Extraction Process
		2.2 Solvents Used in Extraction
	3 Process Development
		3.1 The Disintegration of the Cell Wall by the Action of Enzymes
		3.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
		3.3 Other Different Techniques Combined with EAE to Enhance the Extraction Process
		3.4 Types of Bioactives That Can Be Extracted Using Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Method
			3.4.1 Flavors and Colors
		3.5 Enzyme-Enhanced Processes for Plant Materials
		3.6 A Review of Enzymes and Factors Influencing Bioactive Extraction
		3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Method
			3.7.1 Advantages of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Method
			3.7.2 Disadvantages of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Method
		3.8 Some of the Pharmaceutical Activities of Bioactive Compounds
	4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Pulsed Electric Fields as a Green Technology for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Extraction Approaches in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Extraction: Conventional and Novel Techniques
	3 PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction Technique: A Sustainable Greener Technology
	4 Role of PEF Processing System in Bioactive Extraction
		4.1 Mechanism of PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction Unit
		4.2 Design and Fabrication of PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction Unit
		4.3 Configuration and Requirements of PEF-Based Extraction Unit
		4.4 PEF-Batch and Continuous Treatment Chamber
	5 Factors Influencing the PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction
	6 Overall Application of PEF Techniques in Bioactive Extraction
	7 Integrated Extraction Technologies in Combination to PEF
	8 Benefits of PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction
	9 Future Perspective of PEF-Based Bioactive Extraction
	10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 General Overview of PEF and Its Working Principle
	3 Equipment Design of PEF-Assisted Extraction
		3.1 Batch Method of PEF Extraction
		3.2 Continuous Method of PEF Extraction
	4 Factors Affecting the PEF Extraction
	5 Factors Impacting the Effectiveness of Pulsed Electric Field Treatment
		5.1 Tissue Parameters
		5.2 Media Parameter
		5.3 Pulse Parameter
	6 Extraction of Intracellular Bioactive Compound from Plant Sources Through PEF-Assisted Method
		6.1 What Are Bioactive Compounds?
		6.2 PEF-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetable Sources
			6.2.1 From Plant Leaves
			6.2.2 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Seeds
			6.2.3 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Herbs and Spices
			6.2.4 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms
			6.2.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Food Wastes
	7 Utilization of the PEF Extraction Method in Food and Nutraceutical Industries
	8 Benefits in Food Industries
		8.1 Inactivation of Microorganisms
	9 French Fry Manufacturing Saves Water and Energy by Utilizing the PEF Method
		9.1 Perfect Vegetable Chips
	10 PEF Enhanced Extraction in Different Food Items
		10.1 Premium Quality Drying
		10.2 Peel Removal: The Easy Way
		10.3 Superior Quality Juices
		10.4 Use of PEF in Meat Processing
	11 Application of PEF in Nutraceutical Industries
		11.1 Extraction of Polyphenols
		11.2 Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Microalgae
		11.3 Extraction of Various Bioactive Compounds from Plants Having Nutraceutical Value
	12 PEF Aided Extraction: Pros and Cons
	13 Application of Bioactive Compounds in Food and Nutraceutical Industries
	14 Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Animal Sources and Their Application in Nutraceutical Industries
	15 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Case Studies and Application of Different Novel Extraction Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Studies on the Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds
		2.1 Case Study 1: Fruit Seed-Based Bioactive Compounds for the Formulation of Nutraceuticals
		2.2 Case Study 2: Pomegranate Seed Oil
		2.3 Case Study 3: A Case Study of Raspberry Fruit Pomace-A Bioactive Compound
		2.4 Case Study 4: Bioactive Potential of Phenolic Compounds: A Case Study
	3 Different Novel Extraction Methods
		3.1 Solvent Extraction Technique
		3.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		3.3 Subcritical Water Extraction
		3.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
		3.5 Extraction with the Help of Ultrasound
		3.6 The Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
		3.7 Pulsed-Electric Field-Assisted Extraction (PEFAE)
		3.8 CE (Combination of Extraction) Process
		3.9 Interpretation
	References
Chapter 12: Pressurized Liquid Extraction for the Isolation of Bioactive Compounds
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Basic Principles of Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
		1.2 Mechanism and Components of Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
	2 Instrumentation
	3 Factors Affecting Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
		3.1 Effect of Temperature
		3.2 Effect of Menstruum
		3.3 Effect of Pressure
		3.4 Nature of the Plant Matrix
		3.5 Effect of Extraction  Time
		3.6 Impact of Energy and Environment
		3.7 Chemical and Sensory Factors
	4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pressurized Liquid Extraction Technique
	5 Applications
		5.1 Isolation of Tocopherols
		5.2 Determination of Organic Pollutants
		5.3 Estimation of Pesticides
		5.4 Determination of Toxins
		5.5 Determination of Metals
		5.6 Estimation of Antibiotics
		5.7 Standardization of Polyphenols
		5.8 Isolation of Terpenoids
		5.9 Extraction of Lipids
		5.10 Isolation of Volatile  Oils
	6 Recent Advancements in Pressurized Fluid Extraction
		6.1 Sequential Biorefining
		6.2 Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation by Combining Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Extraction
	7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Fruit Waste: Potential Bio-Resource for Extraction of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Fruit Byproducts
	3 Bioactive Compounds in Fruits with Potential Health Benefits
		3.1 Enzymes
		3.2 Oils
		3.3 Carotenoids
		3.4 Vitamins
		3.5 Alkaloids and Polyphenols
		3.6 Bioactive Polysaccharides and Dietary Fibers
		3.7 Bioactive Protein and Peptides
		3.8 Biogenic Amines
	4 Extraction Technologies for Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste
		4.1 Conventional Extraction Technologies
			4.1.1 Soxhlet Extraction
			4.1.2 Hydro-distillation
			4.1.3 Maceration
		4.2 Emerging Extraction Technologies
			4.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
			4.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
			4.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
			4.2.4 Pulse Electric Field Extraction
			4.2.5 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
			4.2.6 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
	5 Current Application and Challenges
	6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 14: Plant Seeds: A Potential Bioresource for Isolation of Nutraceutical and Bioactive Compounds
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Established Mechanisms Used by Nature to Preserve Ecological Homeostasis
		1.2 Concept Behind Plant Seed Survival and Longevity
	2 Chemical Defense System of Seeds
		2.1 Antimicrobial Peptides in Seeds
			2.1.1 Defensins
				Activation Process of Defensins in Seeds
			2.1.2 Thionins
				Activation Process of Thionins in Seeds
			2.1.3 Lipid Transfer Proteins
				Activation Process of Lipid Transfer Proteins in Seeds
			2.1.4 Cyclotides
				Activation Process of Cyclotides in Seeds
			2.1.5 Snakins
				Activation Process of Snakins in Seeds
			2.1.6 Hevein-Like Proteins
				Activation Process of Hevein-Like Proteins in Seeds
	3 Microbial Defense System of Seeds
		3.1 Endophytes of Seeds
		3.2 Epiphytes of Seeds
	4 Green Extraction and Isolation of Bioactive Components
		4.1 Germination vs. Sprouting
			4.1.1 Understanding the Germination Process to Optimize Extraction by Sprouting Process
				Effect of Water Uptake/Imbibition
				Effect of Temperature and Water Potential Threshold
				Effect of Oxygen on Germination
				Effect of Light on Germination
			4.1.2 Extraction by Sprouting
				Sprouting for Isolation of Antimicrobial Peptides
				Sprouting for Isolation of Enzymes
				Sprouting for Isolation of Amino Acids
				Sprouting for Isolation of Probiotics Strains
		4.2 Fermentation as Green Extraction Process
			4.2.1 Preliminary Guide to Fermentation Procedures
			4.2.2 Fermentation for Isolation of Postbiotics
	5 Experimental Case Report from Our Own Laboratories
		5.1 Experiments with Sprouted Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum, in the Family Linaceae)
		5.2 Experiments with Sprouted Ragi (Finger Millet) Seeds (Eleusine coracana in the Family Poaceae)
			5.2.1 Materials Used
			5.2.2 Sprouting Procedure
			5.2.3 Fermentation Procedure
			5.2.4 Research Highlights
	6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Essential Oils: Sustainable Extraction Techniques and Nutraceuticals Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Effects of Conventional Extraction on Biochemical Activities of Essential Oil
	3 Effects of Classical Extraction on Biochemical Activities of Essential Oil
	4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Green and Clean Extraction Technologies for Novel Nutraceuticals
	1 Introduction
	2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
		2.1 Working Principle
		2.2 Subcritical Fluid Extraction
		2.3 Working Principle and Mechanism
		2.4 Modes of Extraction
	3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
		3.1 Working Principle
		3.2 Factors
		3.3 Instrumentation
	4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
		4.1 Working Principle
		4.2 Factors Affecting the Extraction
	5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
		5.1 Types of  MAE
		5.2 Instrumentation and Mechanism of Microwave Extraction
			5.2.1 Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction System (FMAE)
			5.2.2 Dynamic  MAE
	6 Hydrotropic Extraction
		6.1 Hydrotropic Agents
		6.2 General Mechanism of Action
		6.3 Advantage and Disadvantages
		6.4 Extractions
		6.5 Design and Working Principle
		6.6 Factors
	References
Chapter 17: Optimization of Nutraceuticals Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Importance of Optimizing the Extraction Process of Nutraceuticals
		2.1 Selection of Source Material
	3 Factors Involved in Nutraceuticals Extraction
	4 Techniques for Nutraceutical Extraction
	5 Approaches for Optimized Nutraceutical Extractions
	6 Methods for Optimizing Nutraceutical Extractions
		6.1 Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
		6.2 Optimization of  MAE
		6.3 Optimization of  EAE
	7 Case Studies
		7.1 Extraction of Saffron
			7.1.1 Application of Response Surface Methodology
			7.1.2 Extraction Parameters
		7.2 Extraction from Fruit of Ziziphus lotus
			7.2.1 Extraction Parameters
		7.3 Extraction from Rubus ellipticus
			7.3.1 Extraction Parameters
	References
Chapter 18: Computational Approach and Its Application in the Nutraceutical Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Database in Food Science
	3 Biomedical Informatics
		3.1 Chemoinformatic
			3.1.1 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)
			3.1.2 Application of QSAR
			3.1.3 Antioxidants
			3.1.4 ACE-Inhibitory Peptides
			3.1.5 Phytochemical Peptides
			3.1.6 Molecular Docking
			3.1.7 Application of Molecular Docking
		3.2 Bioinformatics
			3.2.1 Allergens
			3.2.2 Bioactive Peptides
			3.2.3 By-products
	4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approaches in Bioactive Extraction and Nutraceuticals
		4.1 Machine Learning (ML)
			4.1.1 ML Supported Virtual Screening (VS)
		4.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) and Deep Learning
	5 Future Perspectives
	References
Index