Bio-Management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Series Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Editors......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
 1.1 Introduction and Background......Page 18
 1.2 Advent of Microbiomes in Postharvest Biological Control......Page 19
  1.3.3 Postharvest “Biocontrol Genes”?......Page 20
 1.4 Conclusion......Page 21
 References......Page 22
Chapter 2 Managing Postharvest Diseases: Classical versus New Technologies......Page 24
 2.2 Postharvest/Market Pathology......Page 25
 2.3 Types of Food Spoilage......Page 26
  2.4.2 Contact infections......Page 27
 2.5 Factors Affecting Food Spoilage......Page 28
  2.5.2 Intrinsic Factors......Page 29
 2.6 Enormity of Postharvest Losses......Page 30
 2.7 Food Security: An Urgent Need......Page 31
 2.9 Chemicals: A Hazardous Threat......Page 32
  2.11.1 Prevention of Injury......Page 33
  2.11.3 Disinfection......Page 35
  2.11.5 Heat Treatments......Page 36
  2.12.1 GRAS Agents......Page 37
   2.12.1.1 Salts......Page 38
   2.12.1.2 Organic Acids......Page 39
 2.13 Electrolyzed Water......Page 42
 2.14 Chitosan......Page 43
 2.15 Essential Oils......Page 44
 2.16 Plant-derived Products......Page 45
 2.17 Coatings and Edible Film from Natural Sources......Page 46
 2.18 Radiation......Page 50
 2.20 Fogging......Page 51
 2.21 Biological Control......Page 52
 2.22 Modified or Controlled Atmospheres......Page 53
 2.23 Nanotechnology......Page 54
 2.24 Cold Plasma Technology......Page 55
  2.25.1 Combining GRAS with Other Treatments......Page 56
  2.25.3 Combination of Ultrasound with Other Treatments......Page 58
  2.25.4 Combining Hot Water with Other Treatments......Page 59
  2.25.5 Nanotechnology and Edible Coatings......Page 60
 2.26 Non-polluting Integrated Disease Management......Page 61
 References......Page 62
 3.1 Introduction......Page 74
 3.3 Effect of Fruit Coatings to Extend the Storage Life of Perishables......Page 75
 3.5 Mode of Action of Chitosan......Page 76
  3.6.1 Safety of Chitosan for Application in Fruits and Vegetables......Page 77
  3.6.3 Chitosan-based Composite Coating......Page 78
   3.6.4.2 Biochemical Defense Response in Postharvest Studies......Page 79
   3.6.6.1 Antifungal/Fungicidal Activity of Chitosan in Reducing Pre- and Postharvest Diseases......Page 80
   3.6.6.3 Antiviral Activity of Chitosan in Reducing Pre- and Postharvest Diseases......Page 81
 References......Page 82
 4.1 Introduction......Page 88
 4.2 Edible Coatings......Page 89
 4.3 Desired Properties of Edible Coatings......Page 90
  4.4.1 Polysaccharides......Page 91
  4.4.6 Wax-based Emulsion Coatings......Page 93
  4.5.1 Yeast Containing Bioactive Coatings......Page 94
 4.6 Nanoformulations......Page 96
 4.9 Conclusion......Page 98
 References......Page 101
Chapter 5 Non-chemical Management of Postharvest Diseases of Mango......Page 106
 5.1 Introduction......Page 107
  5.2.2 Epidemiology......Page 108
   5.2.3.2 Postharvest Measures......Page 109
  5.3.1 Disease Symptoms......Page 110
 5.5 Other Fruit Rots......Page 111
  5.5.6 Charcoal Rot......Page 112
  5.5.13 Rhizoctonia Rot......Page 113
  5.5.20 Yeasty Rot......Page 114
 References......Page 115
 6.1 Introduction......Page 120
 6.2 Essential Oils and Functions of Their Active Constituents......Page 121
 6.3 Potency of Essential Oils against Storage Fungi......Page 124
 6.4 Effectiveness of Essential Oils in Food Safeguarding......Page 125
 6.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 131
 References......Page 132
 7.1 Introduction......Page 138
 7.2 Pesticides in Use......Page 139
 7.3 Resistance to Chemicals......Page 140
 7.4 Biopesticides: A Possible Alternative......Page 141
  7.5.1 Bacteria......Page 142
  7.5.2 Fungi......Page 144
  7.5.3 Viral Biopesticides......Page 147
 7.6 Mode of infection......Page 148
  7.6.2 Fungi......Page 150
  7.6.3 Viruses......Page 151
 7.7 Resistance to Microbials......Page 152
 7.8 Benefits of Microbial Biopesticides......Page 154
 7.10 Future Perspectives......Page 155
 References......Page 157
 8.1 Introduction......Page 162
  8.2.2 Repellent......Page 163
  8.2.4 Toxicants......Page 164
  8.3.1 Synthetics Used for Pest Management......Page 165
  8.3.2 Botanicals Used for Pest Management......Page 166
 8.4 Essential Oils for the Management of Stored Grain Insect Pests......Page 167
 8.5 Challenges to the Utilization of Plant-based Pesticides......Page 170
 References......Page 171
 9.1 Introduction......Page 178
 9.2 Mycotoxins......Page 179
  9.2.1 Aspergillus Toxins: Aflatoxins......Page 182
   9.2.1.1 Other Aspergillus Toxins: Ochratoxin......Page 184
   9.2.2.3 Patulin......Page 185
   9.2.3.2 Cytochalasins......Page 186
   9.2.4.1 Fusarium Toxins......Page 187
  9.3.1 Preharvest Management......Page 188
  9.3.3 Postharvest Management......Page 189
 References......Page 191
 10.1 Introduction......Page 198
 10.3 Toxicology of Patulin......Page 199
 10.4 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Fruit and Its Derived Products......Page 202
 10.5 Effect of Postharvest Fungicide Application on Decay and Patulin Levels in Apples......Page 205
 10.6 Biocontrol Microbes as Antagonistic Agents and Potential Patulin Decontaminants......Page 206
 10.7 Improving the Performance and Stability of Antagonistic Yeasts in Patulin Reduction......Page 207
 10.8 Mechanisms for Antagonistic Yeast Action in Patulin Reduction......Page 209
 References......Page 211
 11.1 Introduction......Page 220
  11.2.1 Aspergillus and Aflatoxins......Page 222
   11.2.2.2 Penicillic Acid......Page 223
   11.2.3.1 Tenuazonic Acid......Page 224
   11.2.3.3 Trichothecenes......Page 225
 11.4 Rationale to Consider Natural Resources......Page 226
   11.5.1.1 Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins......Page 227
  11.5.2 Essential Oils......Page 229
   11.5.2.1 Control of Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins......Page 230
   11.5.2.3 Control of Fumonisin-producing Fungi and Fumonisin......Page 232
 11.6 Perspectives for Using Plant Products in Active Packaging......Page 233
 References......Page 234
 12.1 Introduction......Page 240
 12.2 Differences between Strains of Aspergillus......Page 241
   12.4.1.1 General Physical Methods......Page 242
   12.4.2.2 Fungicides and Fumigants......Page 243
   12.4.3.2 Yeasts......Page 244
   12.4.3.3 Non-toxigenic Aspergillus Strains......Page 245
 12.7 Effect of Medicinal Plants on Aflatoxin-producing Fungi......Page 246
 12.8 Biotechnological Approaches......Page 247
 References......Page 248
Chapter 13 Nano Magic Bullets: An Ecofriendly Approach to Managing Plant Diseases......Page 252
 13.2 A Way out of This Crisis......Page 253
 13.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 254
  13.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 255
  13.5.2 Nano-copper......Page 256
  13.5.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles......Page 257
  13.5.6 Nanosilver......Page 258
  13.5.8 Other Nanoparticles......Page 259
  13.5.12 Nanoparticles and RNAi......Page 260
  13.5.13 Green Nanoparticles......Page 261
  13.6.1 Action of Nanoparticles Mediated ROS Toxicity......Page 264
  13.6.2 Genotoxic Effects of NPs......Page 265
 13.7 Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture......Page 266
  13.7.3 Nanoformulations of Pesticides......Page 268
  13.7.4 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials......Page 269
  13.7.5 Antiviral Activity of Nanoparticles......Page 270
 13.9 Epilogue......Page 271
  13.9.1 Points to Ponder......Page 272
 References......Page 273
 14.1 Introduction......Page 282
 14.3 Losses Due to Mycotoxin Contamination......Page 283
 14.5 Strategies to Manage Food Spoilage and Mycotoxins......Page 284
 14.6 Why Use Plasma Technology?......Page 286
 14.7 How Plasma Works......Page 288
 14.8 Mechanism of Mycotoxin Degradation......Page 290
  14.9.1 Fruits and Vegetables......Page 291
  14.9.3 Action of Plasma on Herbs and Spices......Page 292
 14.10 Effect on Packing Material......Page 293
 14.11 Mycotoxins Degradation by Plasma......Page 294
 14.12 Limitations and Toxicology of Plasma Treatment......Page 296
 14.13 Future Perspectives......Page 297
 References......Page 298
Index......Page 304