Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Waste Valorization and Waste Biorefinery

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors' Biographies
Contributors
1. Conventional Anaerobic Digestion vs. Bioelectrochemical Treatment Technologies for Waste Treatment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
		1.2.1 Classification of Anaerobic Digestion
		1.2.2 Limitations of Anaerobic Digestion
	1.3 Bioelectrochemical Technologies (BETs)
	1.4 Components Required to Set Up a Treatment Plant
		1.4.1 Anaerobic Digester
			1.4.1.1 Complete Mix—Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
			1.4.1.2 Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
			1.4.1.3 Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR) Configurations
			1.4.1.4 Plug Flow
			1.4.1.5 Covered Lagoon
			1.4.1.6 Fixed Film
		1.4.2 Bioelectrochemical Systems or Setups
			1.4.2.1 Electrodes
			1.4.2.2 Chambers
			1.4.2.3 Membrane
			1.4.2.4 Mediators
	1.5 Working of Conventional Anaerobic Digestion and Bioelectrochemical Treatment
		1.5.1 Conventional Anaerobic Digestion
		1.5.2 Working of Bioelectrochemical Treatment
			1.5.2.1 Mechanism
			1.5.2.2 Working of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
			1.5.2.3 Working of Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs)
	1.6 Kinetics and Their Parameters
		1.6.1 Kinetics of Conventional Anaerobic Digestion
			1.6.1.1 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
			1.6.1.2 Kinetics of Substrate Utilization
			1.6.1.3 Kinetics Studies for Batch Bioreactor
			1.6.1.4 Kinetics Studied for Continuous Bioreactor
			1.6.1.5 Effect of Temperature on the Kinetics of the Anaerobic Process
			1.6.1.6 Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Anaerobic Process
		1.6.2 Kinetics of Bioelectrochemical Treatment
	1.7 Economic Analysis
		1.7.1 Economic Analysis of Conventional Anaerobic Digestion Systems
		1.7.2 Economic Analysis of Bioelectrochemical Treatment
	1.8 By-Products of the Above Treatments and Their Applications
		1.8.1 Biogas
		1.8.2 Biohydrogen
		1.8.3 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
		1.8.4 Bioplastics
		1.8.5 Biodiesel
	1.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
2. A Perspective on the Sustainable Bioenergy Production Coupled with Wastewater Treatment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sources of Different Forms of Bioenergy
		2.2.1 Agricultural Waste
		2.2.2 Microalgae Biomass
	2.3 Possibilities of Bioenergy Production from Sustainable Substrates
		2.3.1 Bioelectricity Generation
		2.3.2 Biofuel Generation
		2.3.3 Biogases Synthesis
	2.4 Microalgae for Bioenergy Production
	2.5 Wastewater as an Alternate Source of Nutrition for Microalgae Harvesting
		2.5.1 Pre-Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Types and Salient Features
			2.5.1.1 Enhancement in the Biodegradability of the Effluent
			2.5.1.2 Enhanced Production of Renewable Energy
		2.5.2 Microalgae Biomass Production in Various Wastewaters
		2.5.3 Advantages of Using Wastewater as an Alternate Source of Nutrition
		2.5.4 The Efficiency of Algal Growth in Wastewater
		2.5.5 Algal Growth in Municipal Sewage Wastewater
		2.5.6 Algal Growth in Agricultural Wastewater
		2.5.7 Algal Growth in Industrial Wastewater
		2.5.8 Algal Growth in Artificial Wastewater
	2.6 Microalgae-Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Bioenergy Production
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3. Biofilm and the Electron Transfer Mechanism in Bioelectrochemical Systems
	3.1 Introduction to Biofilm
	3.2 Bacterial Biofilms
	3.3 Description of the Steps of Biofilm Formation
	3.4 Methods of Biofilm Assessment
		3.4.1 Direct Detection Methods
			3.4.1.1 Light Microscopy (LM)
			3.4.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
			3.4.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
			3.4.1.4 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
			3.4.1.5 Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)
		3.4.2 Indirect Detection Methods
			3.4.2.1 Tube Method (TM)
			3.4.2.2 Microtiter Plate Assay (MPA)
			3.4.2.3 Congo Red Agar (CRA)
			3.4.2.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
			3.4.2.5 Electrochemical Methods
	3.5 Biofilm and Electron Transferability
		3.5.1 Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer
		3.5.2 Microbial Electron Exchanges Within a Microbial Community
		3.5.3 Electron Transfer via Cable Bacteria
	3.6 Application of Biofilm in Bioelectrochemistry
		3.6.1 Microbial Fuel Cells
		3.6.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4. Algae-Mediated Bioelectrochemical System: The Future of Algae in the Electrochemical Operations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Principle of the Algae-Based Electrochemical System
		4.2.1 Where Do Electrons Originate Under Both Light and Dark Conditions?
	4.3 Microalgae-Based MFC (MB-MFC)
		4.3.1 Advantages of the Algae-Based Microbial Fuel Cell (AB-MFC) Over Other Alternative Renewable Energy Sources
		4.3.2 Factors Affecting Algae-Based MFC Performance
			4.3.2.1 The Light's Source and Intensity
			4.3.2.2 Chlorophyll Content and Cell Density
			4.3.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
			4.3.2.4 Temperature
		4.3.3 Different Roles of Microalgae in Microbial Fuel Cells
			4.3.3.1 Algae as Biocathode in the MFC
			4.3.3.2 Algae as Bioanodes in the MFCs
			4.3.3.3 Algae as Substrates in the MFCs
		4.3.4 Different Applications of Algae-Based MFCs
			4.3.4.1 Biofuel Production
				4.3.4.1.1 Biohydrogen
				4.3.4.1.2 Biogas
				4.3.4.1.3 Bioethanol
				4.3.4.1.4 Biodiesel
			4.3.4.2 Waste Bioremediation
			4.3.4.3 Desalination
	4.4 Algae-Based Biosensors
		4.4.1 History of Algae-Based Biosensors
		4.4.2 Composition and Mechanism of Algae-Based Biosensors
		4.4.3 Advantages of Algae-Based Biosensors
		4.4.4 Applications of Algae-Based Biosensors
			4.4.4.1 Detection of Pollutant Herbicides
			4.4.4.2 Detection of Heavy Metals
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5. An Overview on Low-Cost Anode Materials and Their Modifications in Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) towards Enhancement in Performance
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Important Features of Anode Material in MFCs
	5.3 Materials Used as Anodes in MFCs
		5.3.1 Use of Carbon-Built Materials in MFCs
		5.3.2 Anodes from Natural Waste
		5.3.3 Anode Fabrication Using Metals and Metal Oxides
		5.3.4 Improvement in MFC Performance by Altering Anode Surfaces
	5.4 Economically Viable Anodes Fabricated from Natural Waste
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6. Electro-Fermentation Technology: Synthesis of Chemicals and Biofuels
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Electro-Fermentation
		6.2.1 Principle
		6.2.2 Working Mechanism of EF
			6.2.2.1 Bioelectrochemical Reactions at the Anodic and Cathodic Chambers
	6.3 Electrode Material
		6.3.1 Anode Material
			6.3.1.1 Carbon-Based Materials
				6.3.1.1.1 Plane Structure
				6.3.1.1.2 Packed Structure
				6.3.1.1.3 Brush Structure
			6.3.1.2 Metal-Based Materials
			6.3.1.3 Surface Modification
		6.3.2 Cathode Material
	6.4 Microbe-Electrode Interaction
		6.4.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer
			6.4.1.1 Direct EET
			6.4.1.2 Indirect EET
	6.5 Redox Mediators
		6.5.1 Self-Secreted Small Redox Molecules
		6.5.2 Artificial Redox Mediators
		6.5.3 Primary Metabolites as Redox Mediators
	6.6 Types of Microbial Cultures Used in EF
	6.7 Commercial Products from the EF Process
		6.7.1 Volatile Fatty Acids
		6.7.2 Acetic Acid
			6.7.2.1 Mechanism of Acetate Production
		6.7.3 Propionic Acid
		6.7.4 Butyric Acid
		6.7.5 Poly Hydroxybutyrate
		6.7.6 Alcohol
			6.7.6.1 Butanol
		6.7.7 1,3-Propanediol (1, 3-PDO)
		6.7.8 Hydrogen
		6.7.9 Methane
	6.8 Summary and Conclusions
	6.9 Future Prospects
	References
Index