Bilingualism

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 What is Bilingualism and Who is Bilingual?
	1.2 Defining Bilingualism
	1.3 Types of Bilinguals
		1.3.1 By Age
		1.3.2 By Method
		1.3.3 By Function
	1.4 Summary
	Discussion Questions and Projects
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 2 Societal Bilingualism/Plurilingualism
	2.1 Managing Multiple Languages
		2.1.1 Useful Vocabulary: A Term Is Worth a Thousand Words
		2.1.2 Stable Bilingualism +/- Diglossia
	2.2 Maintaining Bilingualism
	2.3 Attitudes Toward Bilingualism
	2.4 Language Endangerment and Revitalization
		2.4.1 Protecting, Revitalizing, and Maintaining Indigenous Languages
	2.5 Summary
	Discussion Questions and Projects
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
	Sites and Videos to Learn More about Endangered Languages and Documentation Efforts
Chapter 3 Mixing Languages: Structure and Social Functions
	3.1 Managing Multiple Languages
		3.1.1 Intrasentential Codeswitches
		3.1.2 Intersentential
		3.1.3 Intentional and Unintentional Codeswitching
	3.2 Conversational Functions of Codeswitching
	3.3 Language Choice and Codeswitching as Identity and Resource
		3.3.1 Cultural Codeswitching
	3.4 Code Choice and Codeswitching in Writing
	3.5 Codeswitching in Literature and Public Domains
	3.6 Linguistic Landscapes: Language Choice & Multiple Codes in Public Spaces
		3.6.1 Translanguaging
	3.7 Attitudes Toward Codeswitching
	3.8 Mechanisms: The Rules of Codeswitching
	3.9 Summary
	Discussion Questions and Projects
	Bilingualism and Codeswitching Interview
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
	Read and Watch
Chapter 4 Childhood Bilingualism
	4.1 How do Children Become Bilingual? Is There a Right Way to Raise Children Bilingually?
	4.2 Understanding the Bilingual Brain: How Do We Know What Babies Know?
	4.3 When Do Children Begin Differentiating between Their Two Languages?
		4.3.1 Evidence for the Independent Language Hypothesis
	4.4 Does Being Raised Bilingually Affect the Natural Path of Language Acquisition?
	4.5 Bilingualism and Cognitive Development: Cognitive Advantage or Cognitive Cost?
	4.6 What Does It Mean When Children Codeswitch?
		4.6.1 Is Codeswitching Evidence of a Unitary System?
		4.6.2 Comparing Children’s and Adults’ Codeswitches
		4.6.3 Other Implications of Codeswitching
		4.6.4 Codeswitching by Older Children
	4.7 The Bilingual Child and Language Maintenance
	4.8 Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Projects
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 5 Bilingualism and the Brain
	5.1 Methodological Problems
	5.2 Useful Terminology
	5.3 Some Answers
		5.3.1 Are Bilinguals’ Languages Processed in Different or in Overlapping Brain Regions?
		5.3.2 Can Early Exposure to Two Languages Affect Processing?
		5.3.3 Is There a Cognitive Advantage to Bilingualism in Adulthood?
		5.3.4 Are Both Languages Activated at All Times?
		5.3.5 Does Switching Between Languages Have a Processing Cost? Or Does Switching Enhance Executive Functions?
	5.4 Summary
	Projects
	Watch These Videos To Learn More about the Brain and Cognition
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 6 Summary
	References
Appendix
	Reference
Index