Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and Notes
Chapter 1 Introduction: Aramaic and Its Dialects
	Beginnings of Aramaic
	Aramaic and Empire
	Imperial Aramaic
		The Elephantine Papyri: Publication and Contents
		Other Imperial Aramaic Texts
	Aramaic in the Jewish Community after the Exile
	After Imperial Aramaic
	Biblical and Qumran Aramaic
		The Aramaic of Daniel
		Qumran Aramaic Texts
		Qumran Aramaic: The Language
			Orthography
			Morphology
			Syntax
			Lexicon
		The Uniformity of the Dialects
		The Vowel Points of the Masoretic Text
		Jewish Literary Aramaic
	Tools for Research
		Bibliography
		Text Editions
		Dictionaries and Other Lexical Resources
		Grammars
		Concordances
Chapter 2 Orthography
	Consonantal Alphabet
		Final Letters
	Vowel Points
		?a?eph vowels
	Matres lectionis (Consonants as Vowel Indicators)
		Defective and Plene Spelling
		Dagesh
	Other Graphic Signs
	Ketiv-Qere
Chapter 3 Phonology
	Consonantal Inventory
	Historical Changes to the Consonantal Inventory
		Phonemic Mergers
	Phonetic Processes Affecting Consonants
		Word-Initial w y
		Assimilation and Dissimilation
		Changes Involving Aleph
		Changes Involving h
		Change of Word-Final *m to n
		Changes Involving w and y
		Metathesis
		Gemination and Nasalization
		Spirantization (Fricativization)
	Historical Changes Affecting Vowels
		Stress
		Syllables
		Simplification of Triphthongs
		Loss of Final Short Vowels
		Separating Vowels in a Consonant Cluster
	Vowel Inventory of Biblical Aramaic
		Short Vowels
		Long Vowels
		Diphthongs
		Shewa
		Gutturals and Their Effect on Vowels
	Phonological Rules Summary
		Vocalization and Transcription of Unpointed Texts
Chapter 4 Nouns and Adjectives: Inflection and Derivation
	Inflectional System of Nouns and Adjectives
	Declensions
	Declensional Suffixes
		First Declension
		Second Declension
		Declensions and Gender
		Tantum Plurale
		Nouns of Mixed Declensions
		Irregular Nouns
		The Dual
		Final -e Nouns
		Adjectives Ending in -ay
	Derivation of Nouns and Adjectives
		Biliteral bases
		Triliteral Bases
		Patterns with Consonantal Afformatives
		Borrowed Nouns
Chapter 5 Pronouns
	Independent Personal Pronouns
	Pronominal Suffixes
		Nouns: First Series
		Nouns: Second Series
			Imperial Aramaic Pronominal Suffixes: Second Series
			QA Pronominal Suffixes: Second Series
		Pronominal Suffixes on Finite Verbs and Volitives
			BA Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Consonants
			BA Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Vowels
			IA Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Consonants
			Imperial Aramaic: Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Vowels
			QA Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Consonants
			QA Suffixes on Verbs Ending in Vowels
		Pronominal Suffixes on Infinitives and Participles
		Pronominal Suffixes on Prepositions
	The Particle ??
	Demonstrative Pronouns
		Third Person Independent Pronouns as Demonstratives
	Interrogatives/Indefinite Nouns
Chapter 6 Noun Phrases
	Simple Noun Phrases
	Headed Noun Phrases
		Noun + Adjective (Attributive Adjective)
		Noun + Demonstrative Pronoun
		Noun + Prepositional Phrase
		Noun + Relative Clause
		Genitives: Construct Phrases
		Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes
		?? Genitives (Periphrastic Genitives)
		Periphrastic Genitive with ?
Chapter 7 Numerals and Other Quantifiers
	Numerals: Form
	Syntax of Numerals
		Ordinal Numbers
		Cardinal Numbers
	Noun + ?
	Distributive and Reciprocal Phrases
	?? as Quantifier
Chapter 8 Adjective Phrases
	Adjectives Without Nouns
	Comparative Grade
Chapter 9 Prepositions: Form and Function
	Prepositional Phrases
	Prepositional Survey
		Simple Proclitic Prepositions: מִן־ ,כְּ ,בְּ ,לְ
		The Preposition לְ
		The Preposition
		The Preposition
		The Preposition מִן
		Biconsonantal Prepositions
		Derived Prepositions
Chapter 10 Verbs: Derivation and Inflection
	Finite Verb Conjugations and Non-Finite Forms
	Strong and Weak Roots
	Suffix Conjugation Inflectional Suffixes
	Prefix Conjugation Inflectional Prefixes and Suffixes
		G Stem, Strong Roots
		G Stem Suffix Conjugation, Strong Root
		G Stem Prefix Conjugation, Strong Root
		G Stem Jussive and Imperative, Strong Root
		G Stem Participle, Strong Root
		G Stem Passive, Strong Root
		G Stem Infinitive, Strong Root
		D Stem
		Semantics of the D Stem
		C Stem
		C Stem Finite Verbs, Strong Root
		C Stem Participles and Infinitives, Strong Root
		Cp Stem, Strong Root
		The L/tL Stem
		T Stems
		tG Stem, Strong Root
		tD Stem, Strong Root
		tC Stem
	Verbs with Weak Roots
		Initial Aleph Roots (I-aleph)
		Initial Yod/Waw Roots (I-y/w)
		Initial Nun (I-n) Roots
		Final-Weak Roots: III-y (*III-aleph)
		D Stem, III-y Roots
		C and Cp Stem, III-y Roots
		tG Stem, III-y Roots
		tD Stem, III-y Roots
		The Root ?? be
		The III-aleph Roots
		III-y Verbs with Pronominal Suffixes
		Hollow Verbs (Medial Long Vowel)
		The Geminate Verbs
		Doubly Weak Verbs
		The Root ???
	Verbs with Borrowed Base Forms
Chapter 11 Tense, Aspect, and Mood in the Verbal System
	TAM Features of the Suffix Conjugation
		Past Tense
		Present Tense
		Future Tense
	TAM Features of the Prefix Conjugation (Indicative)
		Future Tense
		Modality
		Present Tense
		Past Tense
	TAM Features of the Active Participle
		General Present
		Actual Present
		Imminent Present
		Past Progressive
		Habitual or Repeated Action
		Participles with ?? be as Auxiliary (Periphrastic Construction)
		Participles with ??
	Use of the Passive Participles
	Volitive Forms: Jussive and Imperative
		Jussive
		Imperatives
	Infinitives
Chapter 12 Verb Types: Valence, Voice, and Aktionsart
	Valence
	Voice
		Active and Passive Voice
		Reflexive, Reciprocal, Middle Voice
	Aktionsart
	Verb Types: Intransitive
		Middle, Reflexive, or Reciprocal Voice Intransitives
		The ''Ethical Dative''
	Transitive VERBS
	Semi-Transitive Verbs
Chapter 13 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
	Adverbial Form
	Adverbial Function
		Degree Adverbs
		Other Adverbs
		Adverbial Noun Phrases
Chapter 14 Clauses
	Verbal Clauses
		Subject
		Object
		Word Order and Related Issues
		Survey of Word Order Types
		Objects with Infinitives
		Other Sentence Elements
		Extraposition
	Copular Clauses
		Noun or Adjective Predicate in Absolute State
		Prepositional Phrase Predicate
		Subject and Predicate Both Definite, or Both Indefinite
		Participial Predicates
	Existential Clauses
	Presentative Constructions
	Negation
	Interrogative Sentences
		Polar Questions
		Information-Seeking Questions
Chapter 15 Clause Combining: Coordination
	Simple Coordination with
		Gapping
		Asyndeton
	Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Chapter 16 Clause Combining: Subordination
	Purpose Clauses
	Causal Clauses
	Manner Clauses
	Temporal Clauses
	Conditional Clauses
	Clauses as Embedded Constituents
Chapter 17 Discourse Markers (Half-Conjunctions)
Chapter 18 Reading Guide for Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects
	Daniel 3
	READING 2: Daniel 6
	Reading 3: Daniel 3:31-4:34
	READING 4: Daniel 7
	READING 5: Ezra 4:24-5:17
	READING 6: Petition to Rebuild the Temple in Elephantine (TAD A4.7)
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	READING 7: Seventeen Proverbs of Ahiqar
	READING 8: Genesis Apocryphon cols. 21:23-22:26
	READING 9: Targum Job from Qumran, cols. 37-38
		Col. 37 (Job 42:1-6 + 40:5)
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		Col. 38 (Job 42:10-12)
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Appendices
	Appendix Strong Verb Paradigm
	Appendix III-y (Final-Weak) Verb Paradigm
	Appendix Hollow Verb Paradigm
		Synoptic Paradigm, Strong and Weak Verbs (Major Forms)
			G Stem Suffix Conjugation
			G Stem Prefix Conjugation
			G Stem Jussive and Imperative
			G Stem Infinitive and Participle
			C Stem Suffix Conjugation
			C Stem Prefix Conjugation
			C Stem Infinitive and Participle
	Appendix Genesis Apocryphon 21:23-22:26 with Tiberian Vocalization
Biblical Aramaic Glossary
Bibliography
Index of Citations
Subject Index (Numbers Refer to § Section)