Biblical and Classical Myths: The Mythological Framework of Western Culture (Frye Studies)

Cover......Page 1
Copyright page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface to the Combined Edition......Page 15
Abbreviations......Page 17
Symbolism In The Bible......Page 19
Foreword......Page 21
1  An Approach to the Bible and Translations of the Bible......Page 25
2  The Shape of the Bible......Page 39
3  Images of Paradise: Trees and Water......Page 49
4  Parody and Manifest Demonic: Trees and Water......Page 59
5  Sexual Imagery: The Bride and the Bridegroom; The Great Whore and the Forgiven Harlot......Page 68
6  Pastoral and Agricultural Imagery......Page 78
7  The World of Angels; Leviathan, Dragons, and the Antichrist......Page 90
8  Demonic Parodies and the Hero from across the......Page 99
9  The Double Mirror: Exodus and Gospel......Page 109
10  The Metaphor of Kingship......Page 117
11  King, Priest, and Prophet......Page 127
12  The Question of Primogeniture......Page 135
13  Genesis: In the Beginning......Page 150
14  Genesis: Creating the Sexes; Exodus: A Revolutionary Heritage......Page 160
15  Law: Ordering a Society......Page 170
16  Law and Revolution; Wisdom: The Proverb......Page 180
17  Wisdom: Playing before God; Ecclesiastes: Vanity of Vanities......Page 190
18  Job: A Test......Page 199
19  Job and the Question of Tragedy......Page 209
20  Job and Restored Humanity......Page 220
21  The Language of Proclamation: Style and Rhythm in the Bible; The Gospel: Rewriting the Commandments......Page 230
22  Revelation: Removing the Veil......Page 240
23  Revelation: After the Ego Disappears......Page 250
24  The Language of Love......Page 262
The World of the Old Testament......Page 269
Palestine in the Old Testament......Page 270
The World of the New Testament......Page 271
Palestine in the New Testament......Page 272
Note on the Illustrations......Page 273
Biblia Pauperum......Page 274
1  Eve and the serpent (Genesis 3:1–7); ANNUNCIATION (Luke 1:26–38); Gideon's fleece (Judges 6:36–40)......Page 18
2  Moses and the burning bush (Exodus 3); NATIVITY (Luke 2); Aaron's rod (Numbers 17)......Page 24
3  David receives Abner (2 Samuel 3:1–21); EPIPHANY (Matthew 2:1–11); Solomon receives the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10:1–13)......Page 37
4  Purification after childbirth (Leviticus 12); PRESENTATION OF CHRIST IN THE TEMPLE (Luke 2:22–39); Samuel dedicated to temple service (1 Samuel 1:24–8)......Page 38
5  Rebecca sends Jacob to Laban (Genesis 28:11–46); FLIGHT INTO EGYPT (Matthew 2:13–14); Michal helps David escape (1 Samuel 19:9–17)......Page 48
6  Moses and the golden calf (Exodus 32); EGYPTIAN IDOLS FALL (apocryphal: cf. Schneelmelcher 1:464–5); Dagon falls before the Ark (1 Samuel 5:1–5)......Page 56
7  Saul has the priests killed (1 Samuel 22); MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS (Matthew 2:16–18); Athalia kills the princes of Judah (2 Kings 11:1)......Page 57
8  David returns after Saul's death (2 Samuel 2:1 ff.); RETURN FROM EGYPT (Matthew 2:19–23); Return of Jacob (Genesis 32–3)......Page 58
9  Israel crosses Red Sea (Exodus 14:15–31); BAPTISM OF CHRIST (Matthew 3:13–17); Scouts bring grapes from the brook Eshcol (Numbers 13:17–27)......Page 67
10  Esau sells birthright (Genesis 25:21–34); TEMPTATION OF CHRIST (Matthew 4:1–11); Fall of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:1–7)......Page 76
11  Elijah raises widow's son (1 Kings 17:17–24 ); RAISING OF LAZARUS (John 11); Elisha revives child (2 Kings 4:8–37)......Page 77
12  Abraham and the three angels (Genesis 18:1–22); TRANSFIGURATION (Matthew 17:1–13); Three young men in the furnace (Daniel 3)......Page 88
13  David repents (2 Samuel 12:1–25); REPENTANCE OF MARY MAGDALENE (Matthew 26:7–13; partly legendary); Miriam repents (Numbers 12)......Page 89
14  Women of Israel greet David (1 Samuel 18:6–9); ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM (Matthew 21:1–11); Sons of prophets honour Elisha (2 Kings 2:1–15)......Page 98
15  Darius approves rebuilding of Temple (Ezra 5–6); CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE (Matthew 21:12–13); Judas Maccabaeus cleanses Temple (1 Maccabees 4:36–59)......Page 107
16  Joseph's brothers deceive Jacob (Genesis 37:12–35); PLOTTING AGAINST JESUS (Matthew 26:1–5); Absalom conspires against David (2 Samuel 15:1–12)......Page 108
17  Joseph sold to Ishmaelites (Genesis 37:23–8); CHIEF PRIESTS PAY JUDAS (Matthew 26:14–16); Joseph sold to Potiphar (Genesis 37:36)......Page 116
18  Melchisedek meets Abraham (Genesis 14:17–20; Hebrews 7:1–5); LAST SUPPER (Matthew 26:17–30); Fall of manna (Exodus 16)......Page 125
19  Ahab sentences Micaiah to prison (2 Kings 22:1–38); CHRIST IN GETHSEMANE LEAVES THE DISCIPLES (Matthew 26:36); Elisha mocked for his prophecy (2 Kings 6:24–7:20)......Page 126
20  Foolish virgins (Matthew 25:1–13); CHRIST RETURNS TO THE DISCIPLES (Matthew 26:37–45); Fall of rebel angels (Isaiah 14:10–15; Luke 10:18; Revelation 12:9)......Page 134
21  Joab slays Abner (2 Samuel 3:22–30); BETRAYAL OF CHRIST (Matthew 26:45–52); Tryphon's treachery (1 Maccabees 12:39–52)......Page 145
22  Jezebel threatens Elijah (1 Kings 19:1–3); CONDEMNATION OF CHRIST (Matthew 27:24); Daniel accused (Daniel 6)......Page 146
23  Ham mocks Noah's nakedness (Genesis 9:20–7); MOCKING OF CHRIST (Matthew 27–31); Children mock Elisha (2 Kings 2:23–4)......Page 147
24  Isaac carries wood (Genesis 22:3–9); CHRIST BEARING CROSS (John 19:17); Widow of Zarephath (Sarepta) (1 Kings 17:1–16)......Page 148
25  Sacrifice of Isaac (Genesis 22:1–14); CRUCIFIXION (Matthew 27:33–54); Brazen serpent (Numbers 21:4–9; John 3:14–15)......Page 149
26  Creation of Eve (Genesis 2:20–5); CHRIST'S SIDE PIERCED (John 19:34–7); Moses brings water from the rock (Exodus 17:1–7)......Page 159
27  Joseph put in the well (Genesis 37:18–24); ENTOMBMENT (Matthew 27:57–61); Jonah cast overboard (Jonah 1)......Page 169
28  David kills Goliath (1 Samuel 17); HARROWING OF HELL (apocryphal, but cf. Psalm 107:8–16; Hosea 13:14; Ephesians 4:9–10; 1 Peter 3:18–19); Samson kills the lion (Judges 14:5–6)......Page 178
29  Samson with the gates of Gaza (Judges 16:1–3); RESURRECTION (Matthew 28:1–10); Jonah released from the whale (Jonah 2)......Page 179
30  Reuben looks for Joseph (Genesis 37:29); WOMEN AT THE SEPULCHRE (Mark 16:1–8); The Bride seeks her beloved (Song of Solomon 5:2–8)......Page 189
31  Darius finds Daniel living (Daniel 6:18–23); CHRIST APPEARS TO MARY MAGDALENE (John 20:11–18); The Bride finds the Beloved (Song of Solomon 3:1–5)......Page 227
32  Joseph revealed to his brothers (Genesis 45:1–15); CHRIST APPEARS TO THE DISCIPLES (Luke 24:36–49); Return of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:20–4)......Page 228
33  An angel appears to Gideon (Judges 6:11–24); DOUBTING THOMAS (John 20:24–9); Jacob wrestles with the angel (Genesis 32:24–32)......Page 229
34  Enoch taken up (Genesis 5:24; Hebrews 11:5); ASCENSION (Acts 1:4–12); Elijah's ascent (2 Kings 2:1–13)......Page 238
35  Moses receives the law (Genesis 24:12–18); PENTECOST (Acts 2); Fire consumes Elijah's sacrifice (1 Kings 18:17–40)......Page 239
36  Solomon seats Bathsheba on his right hand (1 Kings 2:19); CORONATION OF THE VIRGIN (not Biblical—from 12th century; cf. no. 40, below); Ahasuerus makes Esther queen (Esther 2:17)......Page 247
37  Judgment of Solomon (1 Kings 3:16–27); DOOMSDAY (Ecclesiastes 3:17; 2 Timothy 4:1); David condemns the Amalekite (2 Samuel 1:1–16)......Page 248
38  Dathan and Abiram (Numbers 16); THE DAMNED TAKEN TO HELL (Matthew 5:29); Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed (Genesis 19:23–8)......Page 249
39  Feast of Job's children (Job 1:4–5); CHRIST GATHERS THE BLESSED (Matthew 24:31; Psalm 68:19; Ephesians 4:1–16); Jacob's dream (Genesis 28:10–15)......Page 260
40  The Bride is crowned (Song of Solomon 4:7–8 [Vulgate]); REWARD OF THE BLESSED SOUL (Revelation 2:10); An angel summons John the Divine to the heavenly Jerusalem (Revelation 21:9–10)......Page 261
William Blake, Illustrations of the Book of Job (Methuen, 1903......Page 276
Then went Satan forth from the presence of the Lord (pl. 5)......Page 198
Let the Day perish wherein I was born (pl. 8)......Page 208
Then the Lord answered Job out of the Whirlwind (pl. 13)......Page 218
I have heard thee with the hearing of the Ear but now my Eye seeth thee (pl. 17)......Page 219
Notes......Page 279
The Bible and Further Readings......Page 285
Four Ages: The Classical Myths......Page 289
Foreword......Page 291
Introduction......Page 293
The Creation......Page 297
The Golden Age......Page 298
War in Heaven......Page 299
The Reign of Zeus......Page 302
Prometheus......Page 305
Pandora's Box......Page 307
Deucalion's Flood......Page 308
Phaëthon......Page 311
Demeter and Persephone......Page 314
Adonis......Page 319
Narcissus......Page 320
Orpheus......Page 321
Loves of Zeus: Callisto, Io......Page 324
Apollo and Daphne......Page 326
Endymion......Page 327
Procne and Philomela......Page 328
Midas' Touch......Page 330
Ceyx and Alcyone......Page 331
Nisus and Scylla......Page 332
Philemon and Baucis......Page 333
Perseus......Page 335
The Labours of Heracles......Page 338
Jason and the Golden Fleece......Page 344
Bellerophon and Pegasus......Page 356
Theseus......Page 358
The Children of Agenor......Page 366
Zeus and Semele......Page 367
Pentheus......Page 368
Actaeon......Page 369
Oedipus......Page 370
The Apple of Discord......Page 373
The War......Page 376
The Fall of the City......Page 381
The Return of Menelaus......Page 384
The Return of Agamemnon......Page 387
The Return of Aeneas......Page 389
The Return of Odysseus......Page 391
7  Cupid and Psyche......Page 406
8  Conclusion: The Passing and Afterlife of the Gods......Page 413
Family Tree of the Olympians......Page 422
Family Tree of the Royal House of Thebes......Page 423
Mythology–History Chart......Page 424
The Greek World......Page 426
The Mediterranean World......Page 428
Sources of Quotations......Page 430
Note on the Illustrations......Page 433
Note on Classical Names......Page 434
1  In The Beginning......Page 436
2  Spring and Winter......Page 438
3  Loves of the Gods and Metamorphoses......Page 439
4  The Heroes......Page 440
5  The Royal House of Thebes......Page 442
6  The Tale of Troy......Page 443
7  Cupid and Psyche......Page 447
8  Conclusion: The Passing and Afterlife of the Gods......Page 449
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 451
1  Scriptural Passages Cited......Page 455
2  Persons, Names, and Titles......Page 458
3  Events, Symbols, and Themes......Page 464
versions and translators......Page 468
5  General Index......Page 469
A......Page 473
B......Page 475
C......Page 476
D......Page 477
E......Page 478
H......Page 479
L......Page 481
M......Page 482
N......Page 483
P......Page 484
S......Page 486
T......Page 487
V......Page 488
Z......Page 489