Biased Trials: Insights from Behavioral Law and Economics (Ökonomische Analyse des Rechts | Economic Analysis of Law)

Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables and Figures
1 The Behavioral Economics of Accuracy and Discrimination at Trial: An Introduction
	1.1 Aim and Scope
	1.2 Methodology
	1.2 Scientific and Societal Relevance
	1.3 Limitations
2 Truth Standards in Behavioral Law and Economics
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Truth in Adjudication and JDM
	2.3 The Economic Value of Truth in the Imposition of Liability
	2.4 An Example: Truth Standards and Attribution in Legal Scholarship
		2.4.1 Correspondence and Coherence in Attribution
			2.4.1.1 Correspondence in Attribution
			2.4.1.2 Coherence in Attribution Theory
		2.4.2 Overestimation and Underestimation: Empirical Studies on the Fundamental Attribution Error and Their Interpretation
			2.4.2.1 The Milgram’s Experiment
			2.4.2.2 The Quiz Game Experiment
			2.4.2.3 The Castro Essay Experiment
		2.4.3 The Fundamental Attribution Error in Legal Scholarship
		2.4.5 Fundamental Attribution Error in Legal Scholarship: Truth Related Issues
	2.5 Conclusions
3 The Fundamental Attribution Error and Accuracy: Judges vs Jurors
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Background Literature
		3.2.1 A Short Introduction to the Economics of Evidence Law
		3.2.2 The Fundamental Attribution Error: Contextual Determinants
		3.2.3 The Fundamental Attribution Error and Expert Adjudicators’ Decision-Making
	3.3 The Experiment
		3.3.1 Participants
		3.3.2 Design
		3.3.3 Stimuli and Measures
	3.4 Results
		3.4.1 Manipulation check
		3.4.2 Attribution of causality
		3.4.3 Responsibility
		3.4.4 Percentage of Damages Awarded
	3.5 Discussion
	3.6 Limitations
	3.7 Conclusion
4 Implicit Racial Biases in Tort Trials
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Economics of Discrimination: An Introduction
	4.3 IRBs: An Introduction
	4.4 IRBs and Evidence in Tort Trials
		4.4.1 The Presentation and Evaluation of Brute Facts
			4.4.1.1 Implicit Biases and the Presentation of Evidence
				4.4.1.1.1 Brute Facts, IRBs and the Creation of Evidence at the Trial
				4.4.1.1.2 Brute Facts, IRBs and Pre-Constituted Evidence
			4.4.1.2 Implicit Biases and the Evaluation of Evidence Regarding Brute Facts
		4.4.2 The Evaluation of Facts Evaluatively Determined
	4.5 The Effect of IRBs on the Functioning of Tort Law
		4.5.1 Setting the Stage
		4.5.2 The Effects of IRBs on Deterrence
			4.5.2.1 Direct Harm and Implicit Biases
			4.5.2.2 Implicit Bias and Signalling Direct Harm
		4.5.3 Impact Size on Trial Outcomes
		4.5.4 IRBs and Deterrence
			4.5.4.1 IRBs and Tort Law When the Victim is a Member of a Discriminated Group
			4.5.4.2 IRBs and Deterrence When the Tortfeasor is a Member of a Discriminated Group
		4.5.5 Stereotypes and Deterrence
			4.5.5.1 On the (In)Accuracy of Stereotypes
			4.5.5.2 Beyond Accuracy: Implicit Stereotypes and the Economics of Character Evidence
			4.5.5.3 Beyond Accuracy: Other Relevant Aspects
		4.5.6 Implicit Racial Biases in the Cathedral: Issues of Optimal Deterrence
	4.6 Policy Responses
		4.6.1 Debiasing and Insulating Implicit Biases
		4.6.2 Looking Beyond Behavioral Strategies: Traditional Instruments to Solve a New Problem?
	4.7 Conclusions
5 Gender and Race-Based Statistical Tables in European Tort Trials
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Economics of Accuracy in the Determination of Damages
	5.3 Race and Gender-Based Statistical Tables and Targeting
	5.4 Gender and Race-Based Statistical Tables: A Comparative Analysis
		5.4.1 Gender and Race-Based Statistical Tables in the US
		5.4.2 Gender and Race-Based Statistical Tables in Italy
		5.4.3 Gender and Race-Based Statistical Tables in England
		5.4.4 Gender and Race Based Statistical Tables in France
		5.4.5 Comparative Analysis on Targeting Incentives
	5.5 The Neoclassical Law and Economics of Targeting
		5.5.1 The Law and Economics Arguments Pro Non-Blended Tables
		5.5.2 Neoclassical Arguments Against Non-Blended Tables
	5.6 A Behavioral Perspective of the Use of Blended vs Non-Blended Tables
		5.6.1 Outgroup Homogeneity Bias and Non-Blended Tables
		5.6.2 WTA-WTP Gap and Non-Blended Tables
		5.6.3 Anchoring and Non-Blended Tables
	5.7 Conclusion
6 Accuracy and Discrimination at Trial: Putting the Pieces Together
	6.1 Main Findings
	6.2 The Interplay Between Accuracy and Behavioral Law and Economics
	6.3 Future Research
Bibliography