Białowieża Primeval Forest: Nature and Culture in the Nineteenth Century (Environmental History, 11)

Series Editor Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Boxes
1 Introduction
	References
2 Sources and Methods
	2.1 Written Sources
		2.1.1 Archival Surveys
		2.1.2 Literature Surveys
	2.2 Maps and Graphical Depictions
	References
3 Traditions of a Royal Period (Until 1795)
	3.1 Summary
	3.2 The Historical Background of BPF as a Royal Forest
	3.3 Environmental Impact of Royal Hunts and Centuries of Traditional Use of BPF
	3.4 Cultural Heritage of the Royal Period in BPF
	3.5 BPF in the Works of Naturalists, Travellers and Artists Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
	References
4 The Beginning of the Imperial Period (1796–1837)
	4.1 Summary
	4.2 Former Royal Forest Under the Management of the Ministry of Finance
	4.3 Material Imprints: Reshaping the Map of the Forest
	4.4 Cultural Heritage of the Period: Local Knowledge on Forest Habitats and Białowieża’s Legends
	4.5 The Interest of Naturalists, Foresters and Travellers of the First Third of the Nineteenth Century in BPF
	References
5 Mixed Management Goals (1838–1860)
	5.1 Summary
	5.2 The Historical Background: Continuous Attempts at Introducing Proper Forest Management and the First Tsar’s Hunt in BPF
	5.3 Culturally Modified Trees and Division of BPF into Compartments as Material Imprints of the Period
	5.4 Cultural Heritage of the Period: Successful Experiments with Creating Bison Cattle Hybrids Conducted by Leopold Walicki
	5.5 Travellers and Naturalists Recognition of BPF and the Unofficial View on the First Tsar’s Hunt in the Forest
	References
6 The Restoration Period (1861–1888)
	6.1 Summary
	6.2 Forestry Department’s Attempt at Creating a Game Reserve in BPF
	6.3 European Bison from BPF in the Collections of Museums, Universities and Curiosity Chambers Around the World
	6.4 Traditional Beekeeping and Beekeepers in BPF
	6.5 BPF in in the Works of Naturalists, Artists and Travellers Until 1888
	References
7 The Tsars’ Private Hunting Ground (1888–1915)
	7.1 Summary
	7.2 BPF Under the Management of Appanage Administration
	7.3 Imperial Palace and Other Material Imprints of the Period in BPF
	7.4 Botanists, Zoologists, Forestry Scientists and Veterinarians Interest in BPF and Opening of the First Natural History Museum in Białowieża
	7.5 View from Outside: The British Recognition of the Forest and European Bison
	References
8 The End of the Imperial Epoch
	8.1 Summary
	8.2 State of the Forest During WWI and the Extermination of European Bison
	8.3 Long-Lasting Impact of BPF Management, Protection and Exploitation in the Long Nineteenth Century
	8.4 European Bison from BPF in European Zoos and Nature Parks
	8.5 The International Concern about European Bison and BPF during WWI
	References
9 Conclusions—Learning the Past to Understand the Future of BPF
	References