Beyond the God Particle

GOD PARTICLE
	CHRISTOPHER HILL
	BEYOND
	LEON LEDERMAN
	NOBEL LAUREATE
	CONTENTS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	INTRODUCTION
	IRONY IN THE 90S
	THE BIGGEST “EXOGENOUS INPUT” EVER
	THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP: THE US CONGRESS
	IS IT RECOVERABLE?
	LONG LIVE THE KING
	THE GRAND SYNTHESIS
	COMMISSIONING THE WORLD S LARGEST PARTICLE COLLIDER ISN’T EASY
	OH, $%&#!
	“ACH! IF I’D KNOWN THERE WOULD BE SO MANY PARTICLES I WOULD HAVE BEEN A BOTANIST INSTEAD.”
	WHAT’S IN A NAME?
	A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BIG QUESTIONS
	THE “PHYSICS AS AN ONION” METAPHOR
	A SIMPLE HOME-BREW EXPERIMENT
	PEERING INSIDE THE ATOM
	THINKING THROUGH THE ATOM
	QUANTUM WAVES AND COSMIC RAYS
	THE MYSTERY DEEPENS: WHAT HOLDS THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS TOGETHER?
	WHO ORDERED THAT?
	THE LOWLY MUON
	THE MUON IS NATURE’S PERFECT GYROSCOPE
	PARITY
	A PERSONAL RECOLLECTION OF THE DISCOVERY OF PARITY VIOLATION
	ALL ABOUT MASS
	WHAT IS MASS?
	MASS IS A MEASURE OF QUANTITY OF MATTER
	MASS IS NOT WEIGHT
	MEASURING MASS CAN BE TRICKY
	MASS IS NOT ENERGY
	RELATIVISTIC ENERGY
	E = mc2
	BUT WHAT IS MASS?
	MASS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
	THE MASSES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
	NO MASS
	SYMMETRY IN MASSLESSNESS
	THE QUANTUM REALM
	THE EMERGENCE OF QUANTUM IDEAS OF MASS
	IT’S ALL IN THE VACUUM
	HOW CAN I ESCAPE THE VACUUM?
	Space-time
	An event in space-time
	An event in space-time
	Sound emanating from firecracker event
	Light emanating from firecracker event
	Light emanating from firecracker event
	MOTION IN SPACE-TIME
	The motion of photons
	x, space
	The motion of muons
	t, time
	MUON AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
	CHIRALITY
	A Right-Handed Corkscrew
	THE SPACE-TIME PICTURE WITH CHIRALITY
	THE FORCES OF NATURE KNOW ABOUT CHIRALITY
	RESTORING MASS TO THE MUON
	Figure 5.18. At the quantum level, a muon at rest has a definite spin, but it is oscillating rapidly between L and R chirality.
	HOLD ON A MINUTE!
	THE WEAK INTERACTIONS
	AND THE HIGGS BOSON
	THE WEAK INTERACTIONS
	HOW DO THE WEAK INTERACTIONS WORK?
	t, time
	x, space
	AYE, HERE’S THE RUB
	t, time
	x, space
	μ-
	ENTER THE HIGGS BOSON
	t, time
	x, space
	BUT WHAT ABOUT MASS?
	THE HIGGS VACUUM
	x, space
	t, time
	LET’S TAKE A BREAK
	MICROSCOPES TO PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
	MICROSCOPES
	TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE
	HOW DOES IT WORK?
	MICROSCOPES THAT DON’T USE LIGHT!
	PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
	ELECTRIC FIELDS ACCELERATE CHARGED PARTICLES
	THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
	THE WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
	LINACS
	SCRFS: THE NEXT BILLION-DOLLAR THING FOR THE ECONOMY?
	MAGNETIC FIELDS MAKE PARTICLES MOVE IN CIRCLES
	ELECTRIC CURRENTS PRODUCE MAGNETIC FIELDS
	S
	CYCLOTRONS
	SYNCHROTRONS
	MAGNETIC LENSING
	THE WORLD’S GREAT COLLIDERS
	LHC
	THE DETECTORS
	BEYOND THE LHC?
	RARE PROCESSES
	PRELUDES TO PARTICLE PHYSICS
	THE FIRST RAYS OF DAWN
	INSPIRATION
	RUTHERFORD’S RADIOACTIVITY
	ANTIMATTER
	filled negative energy states
	un-filled negative energy state = “hole”
	BETA DECAY: THE SIMPLEST WEAK INTERACTION
	THEY DID IT WITHOUT COLLIDERS?
	THE RARE WEAR PROCESSES
	proton
	THE OTHER LOOKING GLASSES
	CPT
	DOES ANY COMBINATION OF MIRRORS TAKE US HOME?
	NEUTRINOS
	THE PARTICLES WITH THE SMALLEST MASSES
	NEUTRINO CP VIOLATION
	LONG BASE LINES
	PUTTING NEUTRINOS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
	PROJECT X
	FERMILAB’S PROJECT X
	PROJECT X NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS
	RARE KAON PROCESSES AND CP VIOLATION
	RARE MUON PROCESSES: μ TO e CONVERSION
	PROJECT X PROBES OF ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENTS USING RARE ISOTOPES
	RIDDING THE WORLD OF PLUTONIUM AND PROVIDING ETERNAL CLEAN ENERGY: ACCELERATOR-DRIVEN SUBCRITICAL REACTORS
	BEYOND PROJECT X: THE NEXT COLLIDER
	Q: HOW TO BUILD A STARSHIP? A: START AT THE BEGINNING
	BEYOND THE HIGGS BOSON
	CONFUSED ABOUT BIG SCIENCE
	THE CONNECTIONS
	THE UNHEALTHY WEALTHY STATE
	HOW DOES THE HIGGS BOSON GET ITS MASS?
	FINALE
	APPENDIX
	THE STRONG INTERACTIONS
	TOO MANY FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
	THE STRATUM OF QUARKS AND LEPTONS
	TODAY: THE PATTERNS OF QUARKS, LEPTONS, AND BOSONS
	Gauge Bosons
	Figure A.36. Table of Gauge Bosons. These are also the known “force carriers” and all are defined by “gauge” symmetries.
	blue quark
	blue quark
	(blue anti-red) gluon
	SPIN
	EXCHANGE SYMMETRY
	BOSONS
	FERMIONS
	GAUGE SYMMETRY
	YANG-MILLS GAUGE THEORY
	THE WEAK FORCE AS A GAUGE THEORY
	NOTES
	CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
	CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BIG QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER 3. WHO ORDERED THAT?
	CHAPTER 4. ALL ABOUT MASS
	mv2,   and  p   =  mv.
	CHAPTER 5. MASS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
	CHAPTER 7. MICROSCOPES TO PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
	Fab=
	CHAPTER 8. THE WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
	CHAPTER 9. RARE PROCESSES
	CHAPTER 10. NEUTRINOS
	CHAPTER 11. PROJECT X
	CHAPTER 12. BEYOND THE HIGGS BOSON
	APPENDIX
	INDEX