Behavioral Neuroscience

Cover
Behavioral Neuroscience - Ninth Edition
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
	Acknowledgments
Media and Supplements
	For the Student
		Companion Website (bn9e.com)
		BioPsychology NewsLink (bn9e.com/news)
	For the Instructor
		Ancillary Resource Center (oup-arc.com)
	Interoperable Course Cartridge
	Value Options
		eBook
		Looseleaf Textbook
1 Introduction: Scope and Outlook
	Machine or Human?
		1.1 The Brain Is Full of Surprises
			BOX 1.1  We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different
		1.2 Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior
		1.3 Behavioral Neuroscientists Use Several Levels of Analysis
		1.4 The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins in Antiquity
			BOX 1.2  Bigger Better? The Case of the Brain and Intelligence
		The Cutting Edge: Behavioral Neuroscience Is Advancing at a Tremendous Rate
		Visual Summary
PART I: Biological Foundations of Behavior
	2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System
		A Stimulating Experience
			2.1 Specialized Cells Make Up the Nervous System
				BOX 2.1  Visualizing the Cells of the Brain
			2.2 The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions
				BOX 2.2  Three Customary Orientations for Viewing the Brain and Body
			2.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions
			2.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain
			2.5 Brain-Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and Function of the Living Human Brain
				BOX 2.3  Isolating Specific Brain Activity
			The Cutting Edge: Two Heads Are Better Than One
			Visual Summary
	3 Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals
		The Laughing Brain
			3.1 Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System
				BOX 3.1  Voltage Clamping and Patch Clamping
				BOX 3.2  Changing the Channel
			3.2 Synapses Transmit Information from One Neuron to Another
			3.3 Action Potentials Cause the Release of Transmitter Molecules into the Synaptic Cleft
			3.4 Gross Electrical Activity of the Brain Is Readily Detected
			The Cutting Edge: Optogenetics: Using Light to Probe Brain-Behavior Relationships
			Visual Summary
	4 The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
		The Birth of a Pharmaceutical Problem Child
			4.1 Synaptic Transmission Involves a Complex Electrochemical Process
			4.2 Many Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified
			4.3 Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain
				BOX 4.1  Pathways for Neurotransmitter Synthesis
			4.4 The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action and Dose
			4.5 Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
			4.6 Some Neuroactive Drugs Ease the Symptoms of Injury or Psychiatric Illness
			4.7 Some Neuroactive Drugs Are Used to Alter Conscious Experiences
			4.8 Substance Abuse and Addiction Are Worldwide Social Problems
			The Cutting Edge: Uncovering the Insula
			Visual Summary
	5 Hormones and the Brain
		Crafting a Personality through Hormones
			5.1 Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body
			5.2 Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions
				BOX 5.1  Techniques of Modern Behavioral Endocrinology
			5.3 Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones
			The Cutting Edge: Bones Secrete Hormones to Regulate Appetite
			5.4 Hormones Regulate Social Behaviors and Vice Versa
			Visual Summary
PART II: Evolution and Development of the Nervous System
	6 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
		We Are Not So Different, Are We?
			6.1 How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise on Earth?
			6.2 Why Should We Study Other Species?
				BOX 6.1  Why Should We Study Particular Species?
				BOX 6.2  To Each Its Own Sensory World
			6.3 All Vertebrate Brains Share the Same Basic Structures
			6.4 The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Reflects Changes in Behavior
			6.5 Many Factors Led to the Rapid Evolution of a Large Cortex in Primates
				BOX 6.3  Evolutionary Psychology
			6.6 Evolution Continues Today
			The Cutting Edge: Are Humans Still Evolving?
			Visual Summary
	7 Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
		Overcoming Blindness
			7.1 Neural Development Is Guided by the Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors
			7.2 Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages
				BOX 7.1  Transgenic and Knockout Mice
				BOX 7.2  Degeneration and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue
			7.3 Lifelong Synapse Rearrangement Is Guided by Experience
			7.4 Experience Can Alter Gene Expression to Affect Brain Development
			The Cutting Edge: Harnessing Glia to Reverse an Inherited Brain Disorder
			7.5 The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow Older
			Visual Summary
PART III: Perception and Action
	8 General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
		What's Hot? What's Not?
		SENSORY PROCESSING
			8.1 Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Substances
			8.2 Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical
			BOX 8.1  Synesthesia
		TOUCH: MANY SENSATIONS BLENDED TOGETHER
			8.3 Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors
		PAIN: AN UNPLEASANT BUT ADAPTIVE EXPERIENCE
			8.4 Human Pain Can Be Measured
			The Cutting Edge: Evolving an Indifference to Toxins
			8.5 Pain Can Be Difficult to Control
			Visual Summary
	9 Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell
		No Ear for Music
		HEARING
			9.1 Pressure Waves in the Air Are Perceived as Sound
				BOX 9.1  The Basics of Sound
			9.2 Auditory Signals Run from Cochlea to Cortex
			9.3 Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Complementary Ways
			9.4 Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized for Localizing Sounds
			9.5 The Auditory Cortex Processes Complex Sounds
			9.6 Hearing Loss Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous System
		VESTIBULAR PERCEPTION
			9.7 An Inner Ear System Senses Gravity and Acceleration
		THE CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE AND SMELL
			9.8 Chemicals in Foods Are Perceived as Tastes
			The Cutting Edge: More Than a Matter of Taste
			9.9 Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations
			Visual Summary
	10 Vision: From Eye to Brain
		When Seeing Isn't Seeing
			10.1 The Retina Transduces Light into Neuronal Activity
			10.2 Properties of the Retina Shape Many Aspects of Our Vision
			10.3 Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions
				BOX 10.1 Eyes with Lenses Have Evolved in Several Phyla
			10.4 Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields
			10.5 Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4
				BOX 10.2 Most Mammalian Species Have Some Color Vision
			10.6 The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Streams
			10.7 Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate Some Visual Deficiencies
			The Cutting Edge: Seeing the Light
			Visual Summary
	11 Motor Control and Plasticity
		What You See Is What You Get
			11.1 The Behavioral View Considers Reflexes versus Plans
			11.2 Neuroscience Reveals Hierarchical Systems
			11.3 The Spinal Cord Is a Crucial Link in Controlling Body Movement
			11.4 Pathways from the Brain Control Different Aspects of Movements
				BOX 11.1 Cortical Neurons Can Guide a Robotic Arm
			11.5 Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands
			The Cutting Edge: Cerebellar Glia Play a Role in Fine Motor
			11.6 Brain Disorders Can Disrupt Movement
				BOX 11.2 Prion-Like Neurodegeneration May Be at Work in Parkinson's
			Visual Summary
PART IV: Biological Foundations of Behavior
	12 Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
		Genitals and Gender: What Makes Us Male and Female?
		SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
			12.1 Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages
			12.2 The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates Reproductive Behavior
			The Cutting Edge: Sexual Experience Solidifies Neural Circuits for Mating
			12.3 The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity
			12.4 For Many Vertebrates, Parental Care Determines Offspring Survival
		SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
			12.5 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation Occur Early in Development
			12.6 Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior
				BOX 12.1  The Paradoxical Sexual Differentiation of the Spotted Hyena
			12.7 Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood?
			Visual Summary
	13 Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
		Harsh Reality TV
			13.1 Homeostasis Maintains a Consistent Internal Environment: The Example of Thermoregulation
				BOX 13.1  Physiological and Behavioral Thermoregulation Are Integrated
		FLUID REGULATION
			13.2 Water Shuttles between Two Body Compartments
			13.3 Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst
		FOOD AND ENERGY REGULATION
			13.4 Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for Future Needs
			13.5 A Hypothalamic Appetite Controller Integrates Multiple Hunger Signals
			The Cutting Edge: Friends with Benefits
			13.6 Obesity and Eating Disorders Are Difficult to Treat
				BOX 13.2  Body Fat Stores Are Tightly Regulated, Even after Surgical Removal of Fat
			Visual Summary
	14 Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming
		When Sleep Gets Out of Control
		BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
			14.1 Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity
			14.2 The Hypothalamus Houses a Circadian Clock
		SLEEPING AND WAKING
			14.3 Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages
			14.4 Why and How Did Sleep Evolve?
				BOX 14.1  Sleep Deprivation Can Be Fatal
			14.5 At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep
			The Cutting Edge: Can Individual Neurons Be "Sleepy"?
			14.6 Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even Life-Threatening
			Visual Summary
PART V: Emotions and Mental Disorders
	15 Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
		The Hazards of Fearlessness
			15.1 Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily Responses
				BOX 15.1  Lie Detector?
			15.2 Did a Core Set of Emotions Evolve in Humans and Other Animals?
			15.3 Specialized Neural Mechanisms Mediate the Experience and Expression of Emotions
			The Cutting Edge: Synaptic Changes during Fear Conditioning
			15.4 Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic Transmitters Mediate Violence and Aggression
			15.5 Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses
			Visual Summary
	16 Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders
		"The Voice"
			16.1 Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry
				BOX 16.1  Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
			16.2 Depression Is the Most Prevalent Mood Disorder
			The Cutting Edge: Can Our Genes Tell Us Which Drugs to Use?
				BOX 16.2  The Season to Be Depressed?
			16.3 Extreme Mood Cycles Define Bipolar Disorder
			16.4 There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders
				BOX 16.3 Tics, Twitches, and Snorts: The Unusual Character of Tourette's Syndrome
			Visual Summary
PART VI: Cognitive Neuroscience
	17 Learning and Memory
		Trapped in the Eternal Now
		FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING AND MEMORY
			17.1 There Are Several Kinds of Learning and Memory
			17.2 Different Forms of Nondeclarative Memory Involve Different Brain Regions
			17.3 Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve Information in the Brain
				BOX 17.1 Emotions and Memory
		NEURAL MECHANISMS OF MEMORY STORAGE
			17.4 Memory Storage Requires Physical Changes in the Brain
			17.5 Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple Hippocampal Circuits
			The Cutting Edge: Artificial Activation of an Engram
			17.6 In the Adult Brain, Newly Born Neurons May Aid Learning
			Visual Summary
	18 Attention and Higher Cognition
		One Thing at a Time
		ATTENTION
			18.1 Attention Selects Stimuli for Processing
				BOX 18.1  Reaction Time Responses, from Input to Output
			18.2 Targets of Attention: Attention Alters the Functioning of Many Brain Regions
			18.3 Sources of Attention: A Network of Brain Sites Creates and Directs Attention
		CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
			18.4 Consciousness Is a Mysterious Product of the Brain
				BOX 18.2  Phineas Gage
			The Cutting Edge: Building a Better Mind Reader
			Visual Summary
	19 Language and Lateralization
		Silencing the Inner Voice
		BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND LATERALIZATION OF FUNCTION
			19.1 The Left and Right Hemispheres Are Different
				BOX 19.1  The Wada Test
			19.2 Right-Hemisphere Damage Impairs Specific Types of Cognition
			19.3 Left-Hemisphere Damage Can Cause Aphasia
			19.4 Competing Models Describe the Left-Hemisphere Language System
		VERBAL BEHAVIOR: SPEECH AND READING
			19.5 Language Has Both Learned and Unlearned Components
				BOX 19.2  Williams Syndrome Offers Clues about Language
				BOX 19.3  Vocal Behavior in Birds and Other Species
			19.6 Reading Skills Are Difficult to Acquire and Frequently Impaired
		RECOVERY OF FUNCTION AFTER BRAIN DAMAGE
			19.7 Stabilization and Reorganization Are Crucial for Recovery of Function
				BOX 19.4  The Amazing Resilience of a Child’s Brain
			The Cutting Edge: Contact Sports Can Be Costly
			Visual Summary
Appendix
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index