Behavior of Marine Fishes: Capture Processes and Conservation Challenges

Behavior of Marine Fishes: Capture Processes and Conservation Challenges......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Part One: Locomotion and Sensory Capabilities in Marine Fish......Page 22
1.2 THE SWIMMING APPARATUS......Page 24
1.3 SWIMMING-RELATED ADAPTATIONS......Page 27
1.4 STYLES OF SWIMMING......Page 31
1.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FISH AND WATER: FISH WAKES......Page 32
1.6 ENERGY REQUIRED FOR SWIMMING......Page 33
1.7 SWIMMING SPEEDS AND ENDURANCE......Page 37
1.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 38
2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE FISH EYE......Page 44
2.3 VISUAL FUNCTION......Page 46
2.4 VISUAL CAPACITY: VISUAL ACUITY, SEPARABLE ANGLE, AND MAXIMUM SIGHTING DISTANCE......Page 51
2.5 COLOR AND APPEARANCE OF FISHING GEAR UNDERWATER......Page 54
2.6 FISH VISION AND ITS APPLICATION IN FISH CAPTURE......Page 55
2.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 59
3.2 PROPERTIES OF UNDERWATER SOUND AND VIBRATION......Page 64
3.3 UNDERWATER SOUND SOURCES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS......Page 66
3.4 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF INNER EARS AND ANCILLARY STRUCTURES......Page 67
3.5 RESPONSES OF FISH TO SOUND AND ITS APPLICATION IN FISHERIES......Page 72
3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 79
Part Two: Fish Behavior near Fishing Gears during Capture Processes......Page 84
4.2 TRAWL GEAR AND TRAWL FISHERIES......Page 86
4.3 FISH BEHAVIOR IN THE PRETRAWL ZONE (ZONE 1)......Page 88
4.4 FISH BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TRAWL DOORS AND IN THE NET MOUTH (ZONE 2)......Page 94
4.5 FISH BEHAVIOR INSIDE THE TRAWL NET AND THE CODEND (ZONE 3)......Page 101
4.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING FISH BEHAVIOR NEAR TRAWLS......Page 108
4.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 114
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
5.2 WORLDWIDE LONGLINE FISHERIES......Page 125
5.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE GEAR......Page 127
5.4 CHEMORECEPTION AND FOOD SEARCH—THE BASIS FOR BAIT FISHING......Page 129
5.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE FISH AND THE LONGLINE GEAR......Page 133
5.6 CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS......Page 142
5.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 149
5.8 FUTURE CHALLENGES......Page 151
6.2 WORLDWIDE USE OF FISH POTS......Page 162
6.3 FISH BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO POTS......Page 165
6.4 CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS......Page 169
6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 173
7.2 TRAP FISHERIES AND TRAP DESIGNS......Page 178
7.3 FISH BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND TRAPS......Page 184
7.4 FISH BEHAVIOR AND TRAP DESIGNS......Page 189
7.5 SIZE AND SPECIES SELECTIVITY AND MORTALITY OF ESCAPEES AND DISCARDS......Page 191
7.6 CONSERVATION ISSUES AND MITIGATION MEASURES IN TRAP FISHERIES......Page 193
7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 197
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 202
8.2 CAPTURE MECHANISMS, GEAR DESIGNS, AND FISHING EFFICIENCY......Page 203
8.3 SIZE SELECTIVITY OF GILLNETS......Page 206
8.4 FISH BEHAVIOR AND GILLNET FISHING......Page 208
8.5 MEASURES TO REDUCE BYCATCH AND DISCARDS IN GILLNETS......Page 211
8.6 INTERACTION OF MARINE MAMMALS, SEABIRDS, AND SEA TURTLES WITH GILLNETS......Page 214
8.7 DERELICT GILLNETS: GHOST FISHING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS......Page 216
8.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 217
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 224
9.2 PROPERTIES OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD IN WATER......Page 225
9.3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 228
9.4 APPLICATION IN MARINE FISHERIES......Page 238
9.5 CONSERVATION ISSUES......Page 247
9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 250
Part Three: Contemporary Issues in Capture and Conservation in Marine Fisheries......Page 256
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 258
10.2 BYCATCH AND DISCARD IN WORLD FISHERIES......Page 259
10.4 TECHNICAL MEASURES TO REDUCE BYCATCH AND DISCARD......Page 261
10.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCARD REDUCTION MEASURES IN TRAWL FISHERIES......Page 276
10.6 DISCUSSION......Page 277
10.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 278
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 284
11.2 MORTALITY OF DISCARDS AND ESCAPEES......Page 285
11.3 ASSESSMENT OF MORTALITY......Page 288
11.4 FACTORS CAUSING STRESS, INJURY, AND MORTALITY......Page 295
11.5 MEASURES TO IMPROVE SURVIVAL......Page 302
11.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 305
12.2 REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON THE SEABED IMPACT OF TRAWLING......Page 314
12.3 DESCRIPTION OF TRAWLS AND THEIR OPERATION......Page 315
12.4 PELAGIC AND SEMIPELAGIC TRAWLS......Page 318
12.5 GROUNDGEAR MODIFICATIONS......Page 320
12.6 TRAWL DOOR CONSIDERATIONS......Page 324
12.7 OTHER TRAWL GEAR COMPONENTS......Page 325
12.8 BEAM TRAWLS......Page 328
12.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 329
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 334
13.2 SPECIES AND FISHERIES INVOLVED......Page 335
13.3 EXTENT OF BYCATCH......Page 337
13.4 NATURE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 339
13.5 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS......Page 340
13.6 POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES......Page 344
13.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 356
Appendix: Species Names Mentioned in the Text......Page 362
Index......Page 366
Color plates......Page 395