Before Salem

I. Before freedom: to 1865 : 1. The promise of American life : The Declaration of Independence, 1776 
 The Constitution of the United States, 1787 --
2. Defining status: slave and freeman : The slave code of Alabama --
3. Racial ideology: opinion in the young republic : Thomas Jefferson, 1785 
 Samuel Stanhope Smith, 1787 
 Josiah Priest, 1851 
 George Fitzhugh, 1854 
 Theodore Parker, 1846 
 Abraham Lincoln, 1858 
 Louis Agassiz, 1863 --
4. The black man in the courts: inequality affirmed : Robert v. city of Boston, 1849 
 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 --
5. The civil war: end of chattel slavery : The emancipation proclamation, 1863 
 The Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 
 First Freedmen’s Bureau Act, 1865 --
II. The first shock of freedom: 1865-1883 : 1. Racial ideology: Anglo-Saxon master-racism : Josiah Strong, 1882 --
2. Views from the White House : Andrew Johnson, 1865 
 Ulysses S. Grant, 1869, 1873 
 Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877 
 James A. Garfield, 1881 
 Chester A. Arthur, 1881 --
3. The national party platforms : Campaign of 1868 
 Campaign of 1872 
 Campaign of 1876 
 Campaign of 1880 --
4. Status of the ex-slave: the Black Codes : The Mississippi black code, 1865 --
5. The crop lien system : The Mississippi crop lien law, 1867 --6. The birth of Jim Crow : Railway segregation act, Florida, 1865 
 Railway segregation act, Mississippi, 1865 --
7. Control of reconstruction by congress : The beginning of federal civil rights legislation : The Civil Rights Act of 1866. The reconstruction acts : First reconstruction act, 1867. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, 1868,1870 
 The “force acts” : First enforcement act, 1870 
 Enforcement (“Ku Klux”) Act, 1871. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 --
8. Defying the Fifteenth Amendment --
9. The Supreme Court and the Negro, 1865-1883 : Devitalizing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments : The slaughterhouse cases, 1873 
 United States v. Reese, 1876 
 United States v. Cruikshank, 1876 
 Hall v. De Cuir, 1878. The Fourteenth amendment and jury service : Strauder v. West Virginia, 1880 
 Ex parte Virginia, 1880 
 Virginia v. Rives, 1880. The franchise, the Civil Rights Act, and the Constitution : Ex parte Siebold, 1880. Unequal punishment and the Fourteenth Amendment : Pace v. Alabama, 1882. The Supreme Court and the "Ku Klux" Act : United States v. Harris, 1883. The Supreme Court stops federal protection of civil rights : The civil rights cases, 1883 --
10. State laws to protect civil rights : Louisiana, 1869 
 Florida, 1873 
 North Carolina, 1876 
 New York, 1873 --
11. Discrimination by state law : Anti-civil rights legislation : Delaware, 1873, 1875. Marriage and other rights of ex-slaves : An act concerning negroes and persons of mixed blood, North Carolina, 1865. Laws prohibiting mixed marriages : Constitution and revised code of Alabama, 1865-1867 
 Florida, 1832 
 Arizona, 1865 
 California, 1852. Definitions of "Negro" : Georgia, 1865 
 Tennessee, 1865. Unequal punishment for blacks : Kentucky, 1867 
 Florida, 1866 
 Kentucky, 1869. Exclusion for jury service : West Virginia, 1872. Separate schools by legislation : Alabama, 1875 
 Georgia, 1877 
 Mississippi, 1878. The first "permanent" Jim Crow laws: Tennessee : Permissive act, Tennessee, 1875 
 Mandatory act, Tennessee, 1881 --
12. Civil rights and the state courts, 1865-1883 : Prohibition of intermarriage : Green v. state, 1871 
 State v. Gibson, 1871 
 Frasher v. State, 1877 
 Francois v. State, 1880. Public transportation: segregation affirmed : West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Co. v. Miles, 1867 
 De Cuir v. Benson, 1875. Segregated schools sustained : Ward v. Flood, 1874 
 People v. Gallagher, 1883. Vocational exclusions approved : In re Taylor, 1877. Definitions of the "Negro" appraised : People v. Dean, 1866 
 Monroe v. Collins, 1867. Unequal punishment for blacks upheld : Ellis v. State, 1868 
 Ford v. State, 1875 
 Pace and Cox v. state, 1881 --
III. Fading Hopes, 1883-1910 : 1. Racial ideology: turn-of-the-century views : Some southern demagogues: James K. Vardman, Ben Tillman, and Tom Watson, ca. 1910 
 Charles Carroll, 1900 
 A reply to Charles Carrol, 1903 
 William Benjamin Smith, 1905 
 Frederick L. Hoffman, 1891 
 G. Stanley Hall, 1905 
 Franz Boas, 1894 
 Booker T. Washington, 1895 
 W. E. B. DuBois, 1903 
 The Niagara Movement’s declaration of principles, 1906 --
2. Views from the White House : Grover Cleveland, 1885 
 Benjamin Harrison, 1889 
 William McKinley, 1897 
 Theodore Roosevelt, 1905 
 William Howard Taft, 1908 --
3. The national party platforms, 1884-1908 : Campaign of 1884 
 Campaign of 1888 
 Campaign of 1892 
 Campaign of 1896 
 Campaign of 1900 
 Campaign of 1904 
 Campaign of 1908 --
4. State laws to protect civil rights : Tennessee, 1885 
 Arkansas, 1909 
 Kentucky, 1906 
 Michigan, 1885 
 New Jersey, 1898 
 Massachusetts, 1896 
 Indiana, 1899 --
5. Discrimination by state law : Reinforcing the ban on racial intermarriage : Florida, 1885 
 Alabama, 1901 
 Montana, 1909. Defining the Negro : Oklahoma, 1907 
 Arkansas, 1891, 1911. Prescribing segregation in public conveyances : Louisiana, 1890 
 Louisiana, 1894 
 Georgia, 1899 
 North Carolina, 1907. Miscellaneous provisions for separate facilities : Florida, 1885 
 Kentucky, 1891 
 Alabama, 1901 
 Kentucky, 1904 
 Florida, 1903 
 Arkansas, 1903. Restricting the franchise : Mississippi, 1890 
 A grandfather clause, Louisiana, 1898 
 Disfranchisement and the Virginia constitutional convention, 1901-1902 --
6. The Supreme Court and the black American, 1883-1910 : Preserving the restricted franchise : Ex parte Yarbrough, 1884 
 James v. Bowman, 1903 
 William v. Mississippi, 1897. Separate-but-equal upheld: public conveyances : Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas railway v. Mississippi, 1897 
 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896. Separate schools approved : Berea college v. Kentucky, 1908 
 Cumming v. county board of education, 1899. Jury service and equal protection : Carter v. Texas, 1899. Peonage outlawed : Bailey v. Alabama, 1910 --
7. The state courts and civil rights, 1883-1910 : Separate schools sustained : Berea College v. Commonwealth, 1906 
 Williams v. Board of Education of the City of Parsons, 1908 
 Puitt v. Gaston Country, 1886. Public conveyances: Jim Crow defended : Ex parte Plessy, 1892 
 Patterson v. Taylor, 1906. Public accommodations: inequality overruled : Ferguson v. Gies, 1890 
 Baylies v. Curry, 1899 
 Rhone v. Loomis,  1898 
 In re Russ’s application, 1898. Jury service: equal protection in doubt : Tarrance v. Florida, 1901 
 State v. Peoples, 1902 --
IV. Hopes deferred: the color line holds: 1910-1938 : 1. Racial ideology: some early twentieth-century attitudes : Henry Fairfield Osborn, 1924 
 Madison Grant, 1916, 1933 
 Henry Pratt Fairchild, 1926  
 Lothrop Stoddard, 1923 
 Franz Boas, 1911 
 Thomas R. Garth, 1931 
 Otto Klineberg, 1935 
 The national urban league, 1923 
 The national association for the advancement of colored people, 1910 --
2. Views from the White House : Woodrow Wilson, 1913 
 Warren G. Harding, 1921 
 Calvin Coolidge, 1921 
 Herbert Hoover, 1932 
 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933 --
3. The national party platforms : Campaigns of 1912, 1916, and 1920 
 Campaign of 1924 
 Campaign of 1928 
 Campaign of 1932 
 Campaign of 1936 --
4. State laws to protect civil rights : Anti-defamation laws : California, 1925 
 Illinois, 1917, 1919. Laws against violence and lynching : Kentucky, 1920 
 Louisiana, 1924. A law to prohibit segregated schools : Pennsylvania, 1911. Fair employment laws : New York, 1918 
 Illinois, 1933. A comprehensive and civil rights law : New York, 1913 --
5. Discrimination by state law : Restricting the franchise: the white primary : Texas, 1923 
 Texas, 1927. School segregation laws : Arizona, 1927. Miscellaneous Jim Crow laws : Kentucky, 1928 
 Arkansas, 1909, 1913, 1919 
 Georgia, 1925 
 Alabama, 1911, 1915 
 Oklahoma, 1931 
 Louisiana, 1914 
 Mississippi, 1920. Residential segregation prescribed : Virginia, 1912 --
6. The federal courts and the black American, 1910-1938 : Separate-but-equal reaffirmed : McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railway company, 1914. Residential segregation: cracking the ghetto’s walls : Buchanan v. Warley, 1917 
 Corrifan v. Buckley, 1926 
 Richmond v. Deans, 1927. Fair trials: new gains : Moore v. Dempsey, 1923 
 Aldridge v. United States, 1931 
 Powell v. Alabama, 1932 
 Norris v. Alabama, 1935 
 Brown v. Mississippi, 1936. Separate schools sustained 
 The franchise: the struggle continues : Guinn v. United States, 1915 
 Nixon v. Herndon, 1927 
 Nixon v. Condon, 1932 
 Grovey v. Townsend, 1935 
 Trudeau v. Barnes, 1933 --
7. Civil rights and the state courts, 1910-1938 : Segregated education: increasing ambivalence : University of Maryland v. Murray, 1935 
 Williams v. Bradford, 1911 
 Tucker v. Blease, 1914 
 Wright v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1929. Residential segregation: affirmed and denied : Buchanan v. Warley, 1915 
 Harris v. City of Louisville, 1915 
 Harden v.City of Atlanata, 1917 
 Jackson v. State, 1918 
 Tyler v. Harmon, 1925 
 Parmalee v. Morris, 1922 
 Wyatt v. Adair, 1927. Public facilities: limited progress toward equality : Guy v. Tri-state Amusement Company, 1918 
 Holden v. Grand Rapids Operating Company, 1927. Segregated transportation on the defensive : Illinois Central Railway Company v. Redmond, 1919. Juries and fair trial: increasing surveillance : Washington v. State, 1928 
 Carrick v. State, 1929. The franchise: the white primary approved : White v. Lubbock, 1930 --
V. Reviving hopes: 1938-1954 : 1. Racial ideology: equalitarianism and dissent : Gunnar Myrdal, 1944 
 John Gillin, 1948 
 Marion Krogman, 1945 
 Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish, 1943 
 Theodore Bilbo, 1947 --
2. Views from the White House : Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941, 1944 
 Harry S, Truman, 1947 --
3. The  national party platforms : Campaign of 1940 
 Campaign of 1944 
 Campaign of 1948 
 Campaign of 1952 --
4. State civil rights legislation : Outlawing school segregation : Indiana, 1949. Forbidding the spread of racial hatred : Indiana, 1947. A fair employment practices law : Connecticut, 1943. A fair educational practice law : New York, 1948. Discrimination outlawed in public housing : Massachusetts, 1946. A general civil rights law : New York, 1945. An anti-defamation statue in the South : Florida, 1945 --
5. Discrimination by state law : The reach of discriminatory legislation 
 The franchise: new constraints : "Boswell amendment", 1945 
 Georgia, 1949. Segregated transportation reaffirmed : Alabama, 1945. Segregated cemeteries preserved : North Carolina, 1947. The southern regional education program --
6. The federal courts and the black American, 1938 - 1954 : The franchise: toward compliance with the constitution : Lane v. Wilson, 1939 
 Smith v. Allwright, 1944 
 Rice v. Elmore, 1947 
 Brown v. Baskin, 1948 
 Davis v. Schnell, 1949 
 Terry v. Adams, 1953. Segregated education: the beginning of the end : Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada, 1938 
 Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 1948 
 Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 
 McLaurin v. Oklahoma state regents, 1950 
 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 
 Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County, 1939. Segregated housing and restrictive covenants : Favors v. Randall, 1941 
 Shelley v. Kraemer, 1948 
 Barrows v. Jackson, 1953. Segregated transportation: the collapse of legal Jim Crow : Mitchell v. United States, 1941 
 Morgan v. Virginia, 1945 
 Whiteside v. southern bus lines, 1949 
 Henderson v. United States interstate commerce commission and southern railway. Fair trials: qualified goods : Smith v. Texas, 1940 
 Chambers v. Florida, 1940 
 Screws v. United States, 1945. Public accommodations: approaching equal treatment : Sweeney v. city of Louisiana, 1951 
 Muir v. Louisville park theatrical association, 1953 
 District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson company, 1953 --
7. The state courts and civil rights, 1938-1954 : Higher education: gains for equal protection : McCready v. Byrd, 1950 
 Parker v. University of Delaware, 1950. Miscegenation: challenging the ban : Perez v. Lippold, 1948. Segregated transportation sustained : Commonwealth v. Carolina coach company of Virginia, 1951. Residential segregation approved : Kraemer v. Shelley 
 Sipes v. McGhee, 1946 
 Clinard v. City of Winston-Salem, 1940. Fair trials : State v. Logan, 1937 --
8. Federal executive action promoting civil rights, 1937-1954 : Executive order 8802, 1941 
 Executive order 9809, 1946 
 President’s committee on civil rights, 1947 
 Executive order 9981, 1948 --
VI. Progress, stalemate, or reaction? 1954-1970 : 1. Racial ideology: conservatives, moderates, and militants : The white citizens' councils of America, 1965 
 Paul Bohannon, 1963 
 The churches, 1963 
 The report of the national advisory committee on civil disorders, 1968 
 Harry Golden, 1956 
 Martin Luther King, Jr., 1958, 1963 
 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1967, 1968 
 Whitney Young, 1964 
 James Farmer, 1965 
 Elijah Muhammad, 1965 
 Malcolm X, ca. 1966 
 Le Roi Jones, 1966 
 Stokely Carmichael, 1966 
 The conference on black power, 1967 
 Eldridge Cleaver, 1968 
 The "black manifesto" 1969 --
2. Views from the White House : Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1959 
 John F. Kennedy, 1963 
 Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965 
 Richard M. Nixon, 1969 --
3. The national party platforms, 1956-1968 : Campaign of 1956 
 Campaign of 1960 
 Campaign of 1964 
 Campaign of 1968 --
4. State laws to protect civil rights : Anti-segregation statutes and ordinances : Massachusetts, 1965 
 Southern cities, 1956-1963. Fair employment laws : Illinois, 1961. Fair housing enactments 
 Public accommodations statutes : Vermont, 1957. General civil rights laws : Kentucky, 1966. Miscellaneous rights statutes : Miscegenation and intermarriage, 1959-1967 
 Hospitals, Chicago, 1956 
 Instruction in negro history, California, 1965 --
5. State discriminatory laws: reaction to the Brown decision : Miscellaneous discriminatory statures : Blood banks: Louisiana, 1958 
 Beaches: Florida, 1957 
 Eating and sanitary facilities: Louisiana, 1956 
 Entertainment: Louisiana, 1956 
 Sports and games: Virginia, 1956, Alabama, 1957 
 Use of a municipal golf course: Alabama, 1956 
 Sale of public facilities: Georgia, 1956 
 Public parks and recreation centers: Louisiana, 1956 
 Selecting business clientele: Mississippi, 1956 
 State parks: South Carolina, 1956 
 Housing, California, 1964. The franchise and elections: renewed discrimination : Louisiana, 1960 
 Georgia, 1958. State legislation to thwart school desegregation: Nullification and interposition : Alabama, 1956 
 South Carolina, 1956, 1957, Virginia, 1956, Arkansas, 1956, "the southern manifesto", 1956 
 Anti-barratry laws : South Carolina, 1957 
 Arkansas, 1957 
 Anti-NAACP laws : Arkansas, 1959 
 School closing laws: North Carolina, 1956, Louisiana, 1958 
 Diverting funds to private schools: Virginia, 1956 
 Laws to end compulsory school attendance: Virginia, 1959, North Carolina, 1956 
 Encouraging teachers to shift to private schools: Georgia, 1957 
 Scholarships for private school students: Virginia, 1960 
 Cutoff of state funds from integrated schools: South Carolina, 1955, Virginia, 1956 
 Re-enacting segregation provisions: Louisiana, 1954, Georgia, 1956 
 Denying funds to "inefficient" schools: Virginia, 1956 
 Pupil assignment laws: North Carolina, 1955, 1956 
 Pupil assignment and freedom-of-choice: Florida, 1965 
 Laws to obstruct Title VI  "guidelines" 
 City ordinance to forestall public library desegregation: Danville, Virginia, 1960 --
6. Executive and legislative action: the federal government resumes the initiative : Executive orders : Executive order 10925, 1961 
 Executive order 11063, 1962 
 Executive order 11114, 1963. "Great society" measures 
 Administrative action: anti-bias order, 1968 
 Federal civil rights laws, 1957-1968 : Civil rights act, 1957 
 Civil rights act, 1960 
 Civil rights act, 1964 
 Compliance regulations 
 Public schools and Title VI 
 Twenty-fourth amendment, 1964 
 Voting rights act, 1965 
 Civil rights act, 1968 --
7. The federal courts and the black American, 1954-1970 : Segregated education: the public schools : Brown v. Board of Education, 1955 
 Briggs v. Elliott, 1955 
 Frasier v. Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina, 1955 
 Cooper v. Aaron, 1958 
 Carson v. McDowell county, 1955 
 School board of Charlottesville v. Allen, 1956 
 Brunson v. Board of Trustees of Clarendon County, 1962 
 Watson v. City of Memphis, 1963 
 Kelley v. Board of Education of Nashville, 1956 
 Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education, 1956 
 Norwood v. Tucker, 1961 
 Kelley v. Board of Education of Nashville, 1958 
 Evans v. Ennis, 1960 
 Lockett v. Board of Education of Muscogee County, 1964 
 James v. Almond, 1959 
 Hall v. St. Helena parish, 1961 
 Allen v. Prince Edward county, 1961 
 Griffin v. Prince Edward county, 1964 
 Braxton v. Duval county, 1962 
 Rackley v. Orangeburg County, 1966 
 Taylor v. Board of Education of New Rochelle, 1961 
 Bell v. School City of Gary, 1963 
 Hobson v. Hansen, 1967 
 Responses to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 
 Goss v. Board of Education of Knoxville, 1963 
 Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, 1962 
 Freedom-of-choice and revised guidelines, 1967-1969 
 Court ordered plans, 1967 
 United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 1966 
 Lee v. Macon County board of education, 1967 
 Allen v. school board of Prince Edward county, 1967 
 Green v. school board of New Kent county, 1968 
 Barksdale v. Springfield school committee, 1965 
 Olsen v. board of education of Malverne, 1966 
 Offerman v. Nitkowski, 1967 
 United States v. school districts of Cook county, 1968 
 Anthony v. Marshall county board of education, 1969 
 United States v. Montgomery county school board, 1969 
 Nixon administration policy statement, 1969 
 Alexander v. Holmes county board of education, 1969 
 Carter v. West Feliciana school board, 1970. Segregated education: colleges and universities : Public institutions of higher learning : Florida ex rel Hawkins v. board of control of Florida, 1954, 1956 
 Lucy v. Adams, 1955 
 End of absolute segregation at university of Georgia, 1961 
 Holmes v. Danner, 1961 
 Meredith v. Fair, 1962 
 Governor Ross Barnett’s proclamation, 1962 
 United states v. Wallace, 1963 
 Governor George Wallace’s proclamation, 1963 
 The black student movement, 1967-1970 
 Private institutions of higher learning : the Girard college cases, 1967. The franchise: equality in sight : Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 1960 
 United States v. Alabama, 1960 
 Effects of the civil rights act of 1957-1965 
 United States v. ward and state of Louisiana, 1965 
 South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 1966 
 Gaston county v. United States. Public accommodations: toward equal access : Muir v. theatrical park association, 1954 
 Dawson v. mayor and city council of Baltimore, 1955 
 Holmes v. city of Atlanta, 1955 
 Simkins v. city of Greensboro, 1957 
 Tonkins v. city of Greensboro, 1959 
 Derrington v. Plummer, 1956 
 Burton v. Wilmington parking authority, 1961 
 Coke v. city of Atlanta, 1960 
 Evans v. Newton, 1966 
 Simkins v. Moses Cone memorial hospital, 1963 
 The reach of the civil rights act of 1964 
 Heart of Atlanta motel v. United States 
 Willis and Kennedy v. Pickrick restaurant, 1964 
 Katzenbach v. McClung, 1964 
 Cuevas v. Sdrales, 1965 
 United States v. Northwest Louisiana restaurant club, 1966 
 Daniel and Kyles v. Paul, 1969 
 Sullivan v. Little Hunting park, 1970. Miscellaneous discriminations and the federal courts : Racial intermarriage: ending the ban : Loving v. Virginia, 1967. Public transportation: the death of Jim Crow : Browder v. Gayle, 1956 
 Bailey v. Patterson, 1962. The assault upon the NAACP : NAACP v. Alabama, 1958-1964. Sit-ins and demonstrations: qualified support : State v. Fox, 1961 
 Edwards v. South Carolina, 1963 
 Peterson v. city of Greenville, 1963 
 Thomas v. state, 1964 
 State v. Davis, 1964 
 Hamm v. Rock Hill
 Luper v. Arkansas, 1964 
 Adderley v. Florida, 1966 
 Walker v. city of Birmingham, 1967. Fair trials: narrowing the gap : Ex parte Hamilton, 1963 
 Collins v. Walker, 1964 
 Carter v. jury commission of Green county, 1970 
 Turner v. Fouche, 1970 
 Arnold v. North Carolina, 1964. Housing: levelling the ghetto’s walls : Reitman v. Mulkey, 1967 
 Jones v. Mayer, 1968. Employment: new gains for equal opportunity : Colorado anti-discrimination commission v. continental airlines, 1963 
 Todd v. joint apprenticeship committee of steel workers of Chicago, 1963 
 Bell v. Georgia dental association, 1964. Epilogue: a parable : Letter to the New York Times Magazine, October 13, 1968.