Beach and Dune Restoration

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
The problem......Page 15
Human modifications......Page 18
Values, goods, and services of beaches and dunes......Page 20
The need for restoring beaches and dunes......Page 21
Definitions and approaches to restoration......Page 24
The elusiveness of a time-dependent target state......Page 28
Types of restoration projects......Page 29
Scope of book......Page 30
The potential for restoration......Page 33
General design considerations......Page 34
Sediment characteristics......Page 37
Potential negative impacts of nourishment operations......Page 38
Loss of habitat and displacement of mobile species in offshore
borrow areas......Page 39
Disturbance by burial and turbidity......Page 40
Introduction of non-compatible sediment......Page 42
Effect of mineralogy......Page 43
Coarser sediments......Page 45
Finer sediments......Page 46
Long-term implications for biota......Page 47
Aesthetic and recreational problems......Page 48
Addressing adverse effects......Page 50
Improving habitat......Page 52
Creating new beach habitat......Page 53
Enhancing and adding habitat......Page 55
Changing project size or spatial aspects......Page 57
Restoring sediment characteristics......Page 58
Concluding statement......Page 61
Characteristics of human-altered dunes......Page 63
Dunes built by aeolian transport from nourished beaches......Page 64
Building dunes by deposit of fill from external sources......Page 66
Building dunes by beach scraping......Page 68
Building dunes using sand fences......Page 70
Building dunes using vegetation......Page 73
Building dunes using multiple strategies......Page 77
Concluding statement......Page 78
The issue of dynamism......Page 80
Breaching dikes and dunes......Page 84
Changing the effects of hard structures......Page 86
The value of wrack......Page 89
The problem of raking......Page 90
Removing or altering sand-trapping fences......Page 91
Protecting endangered species......Page 92
Altering growing conditions......Page 93
Reintroducing or restricting grazing......Page 94
Removing vegetation and soil......Page 95
Replacing vegetation......Page 97
Restoring excavated dunes......Page 98
Controlling exotic species......Page 100
Restoring slacks......Page 102
Allowing time for naturalization......Page 104
Determining appropriate levels of dynamism......Page 105
Offsite activities......Page 106
Concluding statement......Page 107
Alternative restoration outcomes......Page 108
Natural gradient......Page 110
Compressed gradient......Page 113
Expanded gradient......Page 115
Fragmented and decoupled gradients......Page 117
Implications......Page 118
The need for local action......Page 121
Gaining acceptance for natural landforms and habitats......Page 122
Identifying reference conditions......Page 124
Establishing demonstration sites......Page 125
Developing guidelines and protocols......Page 128
Litter and wrack management......Page 129
Grading......Page 131
Access paths......Page 132
Structures on the beach and dune......Page 133
Use of vegetation for landscaping......Page 135
Developing and implementing public education programs......Page 137
Monitoring programs......Page 139
Creating a stable source of funding......Page 142
Obtaining public support......Page 143
Contrasts in stakeholder perceptions and values......Page 145
Municipal managers......Page 148
Developers and property owners......Page 149
Scientists......Page 151
Environmentalists......Page 152
The resulting landscape......Page 154
Evaluating and addressing adverse impacts......Page 155
Expanding the scope of nourishment projects......Page 159
Overcoming cost constraints......Page 160
Building dunes......Page 161
Accommodating or controlling dynamism......Page 162
Addressing stakeholder concerns and needs......Page 164
Maintaining and evaluating restored environments......Page 166
Concluding statement......Page 167
References......Page 168
Index......Page 198