Bast Fibers and Their Composites: Processing, Properties and Applications

Contents
Introduction to Bast Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Bast Fibers
		2.1 Kenaf
		2.2 Ramie
		2.3 Jute
		2.4 Hemp
		2.5 Sunn Hemp
		2.6 Roselle
		2.7 Urena Lobata
		2.8 Flax
		2.9 Nettle
		2.10 Banana
	3 Properties of Bast Fibers
	4 Applications of Bast Fibers
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Extraction Methods on the Properties of Bast Fibres
	1 Introduction
	2 The Possible Use of Bast Fibres
	3 Bast Fibres Structure
	4 Major Bast Fibres for Use
		4.1 Jute
		4.2 Flax
		4.3 Hemp
		4.4 Ramie
		4.5 Kenaf
		4.6 Nettle
	5 Fibre Extraction Process
		5.1 Mechanical Extraction
		5.2 Decortication
		5.3 Retting
	6 Production of Some Important Bast Fibres
	7 Conclusion: The Future of Bast Fibres
	References
Chemical Modifications of Natural Fiber Surface and Their Effects
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Fibers—Classification
	3 Polymers
	4 Natural Fiber Composites
	5 Surface Characterization
	6 Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber Composites
		6.1 Silane Treatment
		6.2 Alkaline Treatment
		6.3 Benzoylation Treatment
		6.4 Acetylation of Natural Fibers
		6.5 Acrylonitrile Grafting
		6.6 Maleated Coupling Gents
		6.7 Permanganate Treatment
		6.8 Isocyanate Treatment
	7 Applications of Natural Fiber Composites
	8 Chemical and Physical Treatment Impact on the Mechanical Properties
	9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Physical Modification of Bast Fibre Surface and Their Effects
	1 Introduction
	2 Bast Fibres
	3 Background Information
	4 Physical and Chemical Properties of BF
	5 Surface Properties of Bast Fibres
	6 Fibre Surface Modification Techniques
	7 Physical Treatment
		7.1 Simple Mechanical Treatment
		7.2 Solvent Extraction Treatment
		7.3 Electric Discharge Treatment
	8 Future Scope
	9 Conclusion
	References
Green Methods for Surface Modification of Bast Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Bast Fiber Surface Modification for Polymer Reinforcement
		2.1 Biological Modifications
		2.2 Coating with Bacterial Nanocellulose
		2.3 Physical Modifications
		2.4 Chemical Modifications
	3 Conclusion
	References
Surface Modification and Its Effect on Interfacial Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 What Are Bast Fibres?
	3 Extraction Methods/Retting
	4 Surface Modification
		4.1 Physical Methods
		4.2 Plasma
		4.3 Electric Discharge
		4.4 Ultrasound
		4.5 Ultraviolet
	5 Chemical Methods
		5.1 Alkali
		5.2 Silane
		5.3 Maleated Coupling
		5.4 Acetylation
		5.5 Permanganate
		5.6 Isocyanate
		5.7 Benzoylation
		5.8 Peroxide
		5.9 Graft Copolymerization (Acrylation/Acrylonitrile Grafting)
		5.10 Effect of Multiple Chemical Treatments on Interfacial Properties
	6 Biological Methods
		6.1 Fungi (White Rot Fungi Treatment)
		6.2 Bacteria
		6.3 Enzymes
	7 Future Perspective
	8 Conclusion
	References
Manufacturing Aspects of Bast Fiber-Based Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Aspects of Manufacturing Bast Fiber Composite Materials
	3 Polymer/Plastic Matrix Composites or Reinforced Plastics (PMCs)
		3.1 Processing Techniques
		3.2 Self-Reinforced Composites
	4 Cementitious Composites
	5 Conclusion
	References
Thermal Stability of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Bast Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology of Thermal Analysis
		2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
		2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
	3 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Bast Fiber Composites
		3.1 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Jute Fiber Composites
		3.2 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Flax Fiber Composites
		3.3 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Hemp Fiber Composites
		3.4 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Kenaf Fiber Composites
		3.5 Thermal Characterization and Thermal Stability Analysis of Ramie Fiber Composites
	4 Conclusion
	References
Water Absorption Behavior of Bast Fibers Incorporated Polymer Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Modifications of Bast Fibers
	3 Water Absorption Behavior of Bast Fiber Reinforced Composites
		3.1 Bast Fiber-Based Composites
		3.2 Hemp Fiber-Based Composites
		3.3 Kenaf Fiber-Based Composites
		3.4 Flax Fiber-Based Composites
		3.5 Sisal Fiber-Based Composites
		3.6 Pineapple Fiber-Based Composites
	4 Effect of Various Treatments on the Water Absorption Behavior
	5 Conclusions
	References
Rheological Properties of Bast Fibre Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Importance of Natural Fibres with Emphasis on Bast Fibres, Their Types and Properties
	3 Rheology, Rheometers and and Rheological Parameters
		3.1 Rheometers
		3.2 Types of Rheometers
		3.3 Important Properties in Rheological Examination of Bast fibre Composites
	4 Rheological Analysis of Bast Fibre Composites
	5 Conclusion
	References
Dielectric Properties of Bast Fiber Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Dielectric Properties of the Materials
		2.1 Dielectric Constant of Composite
		2.2 Dielectric Loss and (ε′′) Dielectric Loss Factor (tanδ)
		2.3 Dielectric Strength
		2.4 Resistivity
	3 Dielectric Properties of Bast Fiber Composites
		3.1 Dielectric Properties of Jute Fiber-Reinforced Composites
		3.2 Dielectric Properties of Flax-Reinforced Composites
		3.3 Dielectric Properties of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Composites [15]
		3.4 Dielectric Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Composites
	4 Dielectric Properties of Other Natural Fiber Composites
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biodegradable Bast Fiber-Based Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Biodegradable Polymers
	3 Biodegradable Composites Reinforced with Bast Fibers
		3.1 Bast Fiber
		3.2 Okra Fiber
		3.3 Flax Fiber
	4 Biodegradable Matrix Polymers
	5 Biodegradability Testing
	6 Bast Fiber-Based Bio-Composites
	7 Biodegradability
	8 Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Biodegradation
	9 Conclusion
	References
Free Vibration Characteristics of Bast Fiber-Based Polymeric Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Classifications of Natural Fiber
	3 Experimental Modal Analysis
	4 Factors Affecting the Natural Frequency of Natural Fiber Composites
	5 Free Vibration Characteristics of Bast Fiber-Based Composites
		5.1 Jute Fiber-Based Composites
		5.2 Flax Fiber-Based Composites
		5.3 Hemp Fiber-Based Composites
		5.4 Kenaf Fiber Based Composites
		5.5 Ramie Fiber-Based Composites
		5.6 Roselle Fiber-Based Composites
		5.7 Banana Fiber-Based Composites
	6 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Bast Fiber Composites Added with Nano Reinforcements
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nano Fillers
		1.2 Some Important Nanofillers
	2 Bast Fibers/Nanofiller-Based Hybrid Composites
		2.1 Interfacial Adhesion of Bast Fiber and Nanofiller-Based Hybrid Composites
	3 Characterization of Bast Fiber Composites Added with Nano Reinforcements
		3.1 Mechanical Characterization
		3.2 Water Absorption
		3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		3.4 X-ray Diffraction
		3.5 Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy
		3.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy
	4 Conclusion
	References