Basics of Fluid Mechanics

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How This Book Was Written
	2022 Version
	2021 Version
	Initial
		Properties
		Turbulence
		Inviscid Flow
		Machinery
		Internal Viscous Flow
		Open Channel Flow
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
	What is Fluid Mechanics?
	Brief History
	Kinds of Fluids
	Shear Stress
	Viscosity
		General Discussion
		Non–Newtonian Fluids
		Kinematic Viscosity
		Estimation of The Viscosity
	Fluid Properties
		Fluid Density
		Bulk Modulus
	Surface Tension
		Wetting of Surfaces
Review of Thermodynamics
	Introductory Remarks
	Basic Definitions
	Thermodynamics First Law
	Thermodynamics Second Law
Review of Mechanics
	Introductory Remarks
	Kinematics of of Point Body
	Center of Mass
		Actual Center of Mass
		Approximate Center of Area
		Change of Centroid Location Due to Added/Subtracted Area
		Change of Mass Centroid Due to Addition or Subtraction of Mass in 3D
		Centroid of Segment
	Moment of Inertia
		Moment of Inertia for Mass
		Moment of Inertia for Area
		Examples of Moment of Inertia
		Product of Inertia
		Principal Axes of Inertia
	Newton's Laws of Motion
	Angular Momentum and Torque
		Tables of geometries
Fluids Statics
	Introduction
	The Hydrostatic Equation
	Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
		Constant Density in Gravitational Field
		Pressure Measurement
		Varying Density in a Gravity Field
		The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
		Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
		Liquid Phase
	Fluid in a Accelerated System
		Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
		Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
		Fluid Statics in Geological System
	Fluid Forces on Surfaces
		Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
		Forces on Curved Surfaces
	Buoyancy and Stability
		Stability
		Application of GM-.4
		Surface Tension
	Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
	Qualitative questions
I Integral Analysis
	Mass Conservation
		Introduction
		Control Volume
		Continuity Equation
			Non Deformable Control Volume
			Constant Density Fluids
		Reynolds Transport Theorem
		Examples For Mass Conservation
		The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
		More Examples for Mass Conservation
	Momentum Conservation
		Momentum Governing Equation
			Introduction to Continuous
			External Forces
			Momentum Governing Equation
			Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
			Momentum Equation For Steady State and Uniform Flow
		Momentum Equation Application
			Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
			Momentum Application to Unsteady State
		Conservation Moment Of Momentum
		More Examples on Momentum Conservation
			Qualitative Questions
	Energy Conservation
		The First Law of Thermodynamics
		Limitation of Integral Approach
		Approximation of Energy Equation
			Energy Equation in Steady State
			Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
		Energy Equation in Accelerated System
			Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
			Linear Accelerated System
			Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
			Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
			Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
		Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
		Qualitative Questions
II Differential Analysis
	Differential Analysis
		Introduction
		Mass Conservation
			Mass Conservation Examples
			Simplified Continuity Equation
		Conservation of General Quantity
			Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
			Examples of Several Quantities
		Momentum Conservation
		Derivations of the Momentum Equation
		Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
			Boundary Conditions Categories
		Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
			Interfacial Instability
	Dimensional Analysis
		Introductory Remarks
			Brief History
			Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
			Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
			The Pendulum Class Problem
		Buckingham—-Theorem
			Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
			Basic Units Blocks
			Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
			Similarity and Similitude
		Nusselt's Technique
		Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
			The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
			Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
			Examples for Dimensional Analysis
		Abuse of Dimensional Analysis
		Summary
		Appendix summary of Dimensionless Form of Navier–Stokes Equations
		Supplemental Problems
	External Flow
		Introduction
		Boundary Layer Theory
			Non–Circular Shape Effect
	Internal Flow
		Introduction
			Colebrook-White equation for Friction Factor, f
		Entry Problem
			Non–Circular Shape Effect
		Losses in Conduits Connections and Other Devices
			Minor Loss
			Flow Meters (Flow Measurements)
			Nozzle Flow Meter
		Flow Network
			Series Conduits Systems
			Parallel Pipe Line Systems
	Potential Flow
		Introduction
			Inviscid Momentum Equations
		Potential Flow Function
			Streamline and Stream function
			Compressible Flow Stream Function
			The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
		Potential Flow Functions Inventory
			Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
		Complex Potential
			Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
		Blasius's Integral Laws
			Forces and Moment Acting on Circular Cylinder.
			Conformal Transformation or Mapping
		Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
		Qualitative questions
		Additional Example
	Added Mass and Transfer Properties
		Introduction
		History
		What is the Added Mass?
		The Added Mass Matrix of a Body
			Added Moment of Inertia Coefficients
		Calculations of the Added Mass
		Transfer Mechanisms and Transfer Properties
			History of Transfer Properties
			Introduction
			Transfer Linear Motion to Rotating Motion
			The Parallel Axes Theorem for Added Mass
			Experimental Observation
		Added Mass and Transfer Properties
		Added Moment of Inertia
		Introduction
III Compressible Flow
	Compressible Flow One Dimensional
		What is Compressible Flow?
		Why Compressible Flow is Important?
		Speed of Sound
			Introduction
			Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
			Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
			Speed of Sound in Solids
			The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
		Isentropic Flow
			Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
			Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
			The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
			Isentropic Flow Examples
			Mass Flow Rate (Number)
			Isentropic Tables
			The Impulse Function
		Normal Shock
			Solution of the Governing Equations
			Prandtl's Condition
			Operating Equations and Analysis
			The Moving Shocks
			Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock
			Qualitative questions
			Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas
		Isothermal Flow
			The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
			Dimensionless Representation
			The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
			Supersonic Branch
			Figures and Tables
			Isothermal Flow Examples
		Fanno Flow
			Introduction
			Non–Dimensionalization of the Equations
			The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?
			The Working Equations
			Examples of Fanno Flow
			Working Conditions
			The Pressure Ratio, .P2 / P1, effects
			Practical Examples for Subsonic Flow
			The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
			Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fLD and Pressure Ratio
			Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given M1 and Pressure Ratio
			More Examples of Fanno Flow
		The Table for Fanno Flow
		Rayleigh Flow
			Introduction
			Governing Equations
			Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
			Examples For Rayleigh Flow
	Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
		Introduction
			Preface to Oblique Shock
		Oblique Shock
			Solution of Mach Angle
			When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of D>0
			Application of Oblique Shock
		Prandtl-Meyer Function
			Introduction
			Geometrical Explanation
			Alternative Approach to Governing Equations
			Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches
		The Maximum Turning Angle
		The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
		d'Alembert's Paradox
		Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
		Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
		Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
IV Special Topics
	Multi–Phase Flow
		Introduction
		History
		What to Expect From This Chapter
		Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
		Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
			Co–Current Flow
		Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
			Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
		Homogeneous Models
			Pressure Loss Components
			Lockhart Martinelli Model
		Solid–Liquid Flow
			Solid Particles with Heavier Density S>L
			Solid With Lighter Density S<  and With Gravity
		Counter–Current Flow
			Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
			Flooding and Reversal Flow
		Multi–Phase Conclusion
	Open Channel Flow
		What is Open Channel Flow?
			Introduction
			Open Channel ``Intuition'
			Energy Line
		Energy conservation
			Some Design Considerations
			Expansion and Contraction
			Summery
		Hydraulic Jump
			Poor Man Dimensional Analysis
			Velocity Profile
		Cross Section Area
			Introduction
		Energy For Non–Rectangular Cross–Section
			Triangle Channel
			General Points that Needed to be Mentioned
		Qualitative Questions
		Additional Examples
	Mathematics For Fluid Mechanics
		Vectors
			Vector Algebra
			Differential Operators of Vectors
			Differentiation of the Vector Operations
		Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)
			First Order Differential Equations
			Variables Separation or Segregation
			Non–Linear Equations
			Second Order Differential Equations
			Non–Linear Second Order Equations
			Third Order Differential Equation
			Forth and Higher Order ODE
			A general Form of the Homogeneous Equation
		Partial Differential Equations
			First-order equations
		Trigonometry
	Index
	Bibliography