Basics of fluid Mechamics

Nomenclature......Page 23
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pages 400 size 3.5M......Page 47
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Internal Viscous Flow......Page 55
Open Channel Flow......Page 56
What is Fluid Mechanics?......Page 58
Brief History......Page 60
Kinds of Fluids......Page 62
Shear Stress......Page 63
General Discussion......Page 66
Non–Newtonian Fluids......Page 68
Estimation of The Viscosity......Page 69
Fluid Density......Page 79
Bulk Modulus......Page 81
Surface Tension......Page 87
Wetting of Surfaces......Page 92
Basic Definitions......Page 102
Thermodynamics First Law......Page 103
Thermodynamics Second Law......Page 104
Kinematics of of Point Body......Page 110
Actual Center of Mass......Page 112
Approximate Center of Area......Page 113
Change of Centroid Location Due to Added/Subtracted Area......Page 114
Change of Mass Centroid Due to Addition or Subtraction of Mass in 3D......Page 120
Moment of Inertia for Mass......Page 123
Moment of Inertia for Area......Page 124
Examples of Moment of Inertia......Page 126
Product of Inertia......Page 130
Newton's Laws of Motion......Page 132
Angular Momentum and Torque......Page 133
Tables of geometries......Page 134
Qualitative questions......Page 138
Constant Density in Gravitational Field......Page 140
Pressure Measurement......Page 144
Varying Density in a Gravity Field......Page 148
The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations......Page 155
Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density......Page 160
Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System......Page 162
Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density......Page 165
Fluid Statics in Geological System......Page 166
Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces......Page 170
Forces on Curved Surfaces......Page 179
Buoyancy and Stability......Page 186
Stability......Page 196
Surface Tension......Page 223
I Integral Analysis......Page 230
Introduction......Page 232
Control Volume......Page 233
Continuity Equation......Page 234
Constant Density Fluids......Page 236
Reynolds Transport Theorem......Page 243
Examples For Mass Conservation......Page 245
The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship......Page 251
More Examples for Mass Conservation......Page 255
Introduction to Continuous......Page 262
External Forces......Page 263
Momentum Equation in Acceleration System......Page 264
Momentum Equation For Steady State and Uniform Flow......Page 265
Momentum Equation Application......Page 269
Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow......Page 272
Momentum Application to Unsteady State......Page 273
Conservation Moment Of Momentum......Page 283
More Examples on Momentum Conservation......Page 285
Qualitative Questions......Page 287
The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 290
Limitation of Integral Approach......Page 302
Energy Equation in Steady State......Page 304
Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State......Page 305
Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate......Page 306
Linear Accelerated System......Page 307
Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System......Page 308
Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow......Page 309
Examples of Integral Energy Conservation......Page 311
Qualitative Questions......Page 316
II Differential Analysis......Page 318
Introduction......Page 320
Mass Conservation......Page 321
Mass Conservation Examples......Page 324
Simplified Continuity Equation......Page 326
Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations......Page 331
Examples of Several Quantities......Page 332
Momentum Conservation......Page 334
Derivations of the Momentum Equation......Page 338
Boundary Conditions Categories......Page 349
Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)......Page 352
Interfacial Instability......Page 362
Introductory Remarks......Page 366
Brief History......Page 367
Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis......Page 368
Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study......Page 372
The Pendulum Class Problem......Page 373
Buckingham—-Theorem......Page 374
Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters......Page 375
Basic Units Blocks......Page 377
Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters......Page 380
Similarity and Similitude......Page 389
Nusselt's Technique......Page 393
Summary of Dimensionless Numbers......Page 405
The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers......Page 409
Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers......Page 411
Examples for Dimensional Analysis......Page 412
Summary......Page 421
Appendix summary of Dimensionless Form of Navier–Stokes Equations......Page 422
Supplemental Problems......Page 423
Introduction......Page 428
Non–Circular Shape Effect......Page 429
Introduction......Page 432
Colebrook-White equation for Friction Factor,f......Page 441
Entry Problem......Page 442
Non–Circular Shape Effect......Page 447
Losses in Conduits Connections and Other Devices......Page 448
Minor Loss......Page 449
Flow Meters (Flow Measurements)......Page 454
Nozzle Flow Meter......Page 456
Flow Network......Page 457
Series Conduits Systems......Page 458
Parallel Pipe Line Systems......Page 460
Introduction......Page 464
Inviscid Momentum Equations......Page 465
Potential Flow Function......Page 471
Streamline and Stream function......Page 472
Compressible Flow Stream Function......Page 475
The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function......Page 477
Potential Flow Functions Inventory......Page 481
Flow Around a Circular Cylinder......Page 497
Complex Potential and Complex Velocity......Page 509
Blasius's Integral Laws......Page 513
Forces and Moment Acting on Circular Cylinder.......Page 515
Qualitative questions......Page 516
Additional Example......Page 517
Why Compressible Flow is Important?......Page 524
Introduction......Page 525
Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases......Page 527
Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid......Page 528
The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound......Page 529
Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model......Page 531
Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section......Page 533
The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle......Page 534
Isentropic Flow Examples......Page 538
Mass Flow Rate (Number)......Page 541
Isentropic Tables......Page 549
The Impulse Function......Page 551
Normal Shock......Page 553
Solution of the Governing Equations......Page 555
Prandtl's Condition......Page 558
Operating Equations and Analysis......Page 560
The Moving Shocks......Page 562
Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock......Page 564
Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas......Page 566
Isothermal Flow......Page 568
The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations......Page 569
Dimensionless Representation......Page 570
The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch......Page 574
Supersonic Branch......Page 575
Figures and Tables......Page 576
Isothermal Flow Examples......Page 578
 Fanno Flow......Page 583
Introduction......Page 584
Non–Dimensionalization of the Equations......Page 585
The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?......Page 588
The Working Equations......Page 589
Examples of Fanno Flow......Page 593
Working Conditions......Page 599
The Pressure Ratio, .P2 / P1, effects......Page 604
The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch......Page 613
Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fLD and Pressure Ratio......Page 614
Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given M1 and Pressure Ratio......Page 618
 More Examples of Fanno Flow......Page 620
 The Table for Fanno Flow......Page 621
Introduction......Page 623
Governing Equations......Page 624
Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures......Page 627
Examples For Rayleigh Flow......Page 630
Preface to Oblique Shock......Page 638
Oblique Shock......Page 640
Solution of Mach Angle......Page 642
When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of D>0......Page 645
Application of Oblique Shock......Page 661
Introduction......Page 673
Geometrical Explanation......Page 675
Alternative Approach to Governing Equations......Page 676
Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches......Page 679
d'Alembert's Paradox......Page 680
Flat Body with an Angle of Attack......Page 681
Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function......Page 682
Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion......Page 684
Introduction......Page 688
What to Expect From This Chapter......Page 689
Kind of Multi-Phase Flow......Page 690
Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes......Page 691
Co–Current Flow......Page 692
Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions......Page 696
Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions......Page 697
Homogeneous Models......Page 699
Pressure Loss Components......Page 700
Lockhart Martinelli Model......Page 703
Solid Particles with Heavier Density S>L......Page 704
Solid With Lighter Density S<  and With Gravity......Page 706
Counter–Current Flow......Page 708
Horizontal Counter–Current Flow......Page 710
Flooding and Reversal Flow......Page 711
Multi–Phase Conclusion......Page 717
Vectors......Page 718
Vector Algebra......Page 719
Differential Operators of Vectors......Page 721
Differentiation of the Vector Operations......Page 723
First Order Differential Equations......Page 729
Variables Separation or Segregation......Page 730
Non–Linear Equations......Page 732
Second Order Differential Equations......Page 735
Non–Linear Second Order Equations......Page 737
Third Order Differential Equation......Page 740
Forth and Higher Order ODE......Page 742
Partial Differential Equations......Page 744
First-order equations......Page 745
Index......Page 746
Authors Index......Page 748