Basic Physics: Principles and Concepts

Introduction: Units and Dimensions
	Physical quantities and their units
	Systems of units: the SI system
		Relations among physical quantities, and their units
		The dimension of a physical quantity
	Basic and derived units
	SI units, and dimensions
		The seven base units
		Dimensions related to units
		Derived units: selected physical quantities
		Units and dimensions of a few physical constants
		Prefixes denoting multiples and submultiples
	Other systems of units
		Systems of units other than the SI system
		Conversion from the SI to other systems of units
		A few convenient non-SI units
	Dimensional analysis
		Principle of dimensional homogeneity
		An application: Stokes' formula for viscous drag force
		The principle of similarity
	Physical quantities as scalars and vectors
Vectors
	Introduction
		Equality of two vectors
		Magnitude of a vector
		The null vector
	Operations with vectors
		Addition of vectors
			Addition of two vectors
			Addition of more than two vectors
		Multiplication of a vector with a scalar
		Features of vector addition and scalar multiplication
	Unit vector
	Scalar product of two vectors
		Features of scalar product
		Orthonormal triads of vectors
	Cartesian components of a vector
		Two dimensional vectors
		Vector operations in terms of Cartesian components
		Scalar product of two vectors in terms of Cartesian components
		Direction cosines relating to a unit vector
	The vector product of two vectors
		Features of the vector product
		Vector expression for a planar area
	Scalar and vector components of a vector
	The right hand rule
	Transformation of vectors
	Scalar and vector triple products
		Scalar triple product
		Vector triple product
	Vector function of a scalar variable
		The derivative of a vector function
	Scalar function of a vector variable
		The position vector
		Scalar function of the position vector: scalar field
	Vector function of a vector variable: vector field
	Derivatives and integrals of scalar and vector fields
		Derivatives of scalar and vector fields
		Volume-, surface-, and line integrals
Mechanics
	Introduction: frames of reference
	Motion of a single particle
		Introduction
		Kinematic quantities
			The position vector and its time dependence
			Displacement
			Velocity
			Speed
			Planar and rectilinear motions
			Momentum
			Kinetic energy
			Acceleration
	Newton's laws of motion: Introduction
	Inertial frames. Newton's first law.
	Newton's second law: Equation of motion
		The concept of force
		The second law
		Equation of motion
		The line of action of a force
		The resultant of a number of forces
		Forces in equilibrium
	Motion along a straight line
	Motion in a plane
	Field of force
	Transformations from one frame of reference to another
		Transformation of velocity
		Relative velocity
		Transformations of displacement and time
		Transformation of acceleration
	Equations of motion in different frames of reference
		Characterization of the inertial frames
		Equations of motion of a particle in inertial frames
		Equation of motion in a non-inertial frame
	Force and work
	Work in rectilinear motion. Potential energy.
	Kinetic energy
	Principle of conservation of energy in rectilinear motion
	Kinetic energy, potential energy, and work
		Kinetic energy and work
		Potential energy. Conservative force-fields.
		Principle of conservation of energy: the general context
		Work and energy: summary
		Energy as ability to perform work
		Conservation of energy: a broader view
	Mechanics of a single particle: overview
	Mechanics of a system of particles
		Internal and external forces. Equations of motion.
		Newton's third law
		Center of mass of a system of particles
			The position and velocity of the center of mass
			center of mass momentum
			Determination of the center of mass
		System of particles: center of mass motion
		Principle of conservation of momentum
		System of particles: principle of conservation of energy
		Elastic and inelastic collisions
			Introduction
			Elastic and inelastic processes
			The energy balance equation
			Momentum balance
			Relative velocities: normal and tangential
			The center of mass frame
			Describing the collision process
			`Head-on' collision
			Head-on collision in the `laboratory frame'
			Elastic collisions in planar motion
			Direction of energy transfer in elastic collisions
		Impulse. Impulsive forces.
			Impulse of a force or of a system of forces
			Impulsive forces
	Newton's laws and action-at-a-distance
	Angular motion
		Angular velocity of a particle about a point
		Angular velocity about an axis
		Circular motion
		Centripetal acceleration
			Uniform circular motion
			Motion along a space curve
		Radial and cross-radial accelerations in planar motion
		Angular momentum
			Angular momentum about a point
			Angular momentum about an axis
			Angular momentum in circular motion
		Moment of a force
			Moment of a force about a point
			Moment of a force about an axis
			Impulse of a torque
		Angular motion of a system of particles
		Principle of conservation of angular momentum
		Rotational motion about an axis: moment of inertia
		Work done in rotational motion
		Potential energy in rotational motion
		Calculation of moments of inertia
			The theorem of perpendicular axes
			The theorem of parallel axes
			Radius of gyration
			Additivity of moments of inertia
			Moments of inertia: examples
	Motion of rigid bodies
		Translational and rotational motion of rigid bodies
		Rolling motion
		Precession
			Precession under an applied torque
			Precession of a heavy top
			Precession of the earth's axis of rotation
			Free precession
	Rotating frames of reference
	Reduction of a system of forces
		Introduction
			Concurrent forces
			Non-concurrent forces
		Concurrent systems in equilibrium
			Two concurrent forces in equilibrium
			Three concurrent forces in equilibrium
			More than three concurrent forces
			Moment of concurrent forces in equilibrium
		Reduction of a system of forces acting on a rigid body
			Reduction of a pair of like parallel forces
			Unlike and unequal parallel forces
			Equal and unlike parallel forces : couple
			Composition of couples
			A couple and a force in a parallel plane
			Reduction of a system of co-planar forces
			Reduction of non-coplanar forces: wrench
	Static and dynamic friction
		Introduction
		Static friction
		Dynamic friction
		Indeterminate problems in statics: the ladder problem
			The ladder problem
		The mechanism underlying friction
		Wet friction and lubrication
		Rolling friction
	Motion of a wheel under driving
		Driving by means of a couple
		Driving by means of a force
Simple Harmonic Motion
	Oscillatory motion
		Simple harmonic motion
			The equation of motion
			Solving the equation of motion
			General and particular solutions
			Relating the solution to initial conditions
			Periodicity of motion
			The phase
			The amplitude
			Graphical representation of the motion
	Energy in simple harmonic motion
		Potential energy
		Kinetic energy in simple harmonic motion
	Simple harmonic oscillations of physical quantities
		Angular oscillations
	The pendulum and the spring
		The simple pendulum
		The spring
	Damped simple harmonic motion
		Damped SHM: equation of motion
		Underdamped and overdamped motions
			Underdamped SHM
			Overdamped SHM
		Damped SHM: dissipation of energy
	Forced SHM
		Energy exchange in forced SHM. Resonance.
Gravitation
	Introduction: Newton's law of gravitation
		Principle of superposition
	Gravitational intensity and potential
		Gravitational intensity
		Gravitational potential
		Gravitational potential: summary
		`Potential at infinity'.
		Potential due to a point mass
		Potential due to a number of point masses
		Describing a gravitational field
	Gauss' principle in gravitation
		Flux of gravitational intensity
		Gauss' principle
		Application: a spherically symmetric body
			Intensity and potential at an external point
			A spherical shell
			Gravitational interaction of two spherical bodies
	Earth's gravitational field: acceleration due to gravity
		Earth's gravitational field
		Center of gravity
		The weight of a body
			Weight as a force of reaction: weightlessness
			Weight reduction due to earth's rotation
		Escape velocity
	The motion of planetary bodies
		Introduction
		The equation of motion and the nature of trajectories
		Kepler's laws
		Circular orbits in an inverse square field
		Tidal force
		The orbit of the moon
		The motion of a projectile
	Gravitation: a broader view
Elasticity
	Introduction: External and internal forces in a body
	Strain and stress
	Quantitative definition of strain: strain parameters
		Tensile strain
		Bulk strain
		Shear strain
		Mixed strain
		Principal axes. Principal components of strain.
	Stress in a deformable body
		Tensile stress
		Shear stress
		Bulk stress
		Mixed stress: principal components of stress
	Stress-strain curve
		A weightless wire with a load
		The curve: principal features
		Elastic and plastic deformations
	Stress-strain relations: elastic constants
		Young's modulus
		Poisson's ratio
		Modulus of rigidity
		Bulk modulus
		Principle of superposition
		Relations between the elastic constants
		Elastic properties of fluids
	Strain energy
Mechanics of Fluids
	Introduction: the three states of matter
	Fluids in equilibrium
		Internal forces in a fluid: pressure
		Pressure in an incompressible liquid
		Thrust of a fluid
		Atmospheric pressure
		Buoyancy: Archimedes' Principle
		Equilibrium of fully or partly submerged body
			Condition of equilibrium
			Stability of equilibrium
		Pascal's law: transmission of pressure
	Fluids in motion: a few introductory concepts
		Stream lines: steady flow
		From laminar flow to turbulence
		Rotational and irrotational flows
		Equation of continuity
		Ideal fluid: equation of motion
		Energy conservation: Bernoulli's principle
		Potential flow
		Lift and drag forces: a brief introducion
	The siphon
	Viscosity and fluid flow
		Introduction
		Newton's formula for viscous force
			Kinematic viscosity
			Variation of viscosity with temperature
		Viscosity and transport of momentum
		Viscosity and turbulence
		Non-Newtonian fluids
		Poiseuille's flow
		The origin of the viscous force: a brief outline
		The boundary layer
			Laminar boundary layer in Poiseuille's flow
			Boundary layer on a flat plate
			Boundary layer near a curved obstacle: boundary layer separation
		Stability of fluid flow: vorticity and turbulence
	Surface energy and surface tension
		Introduction
		Surface energy and surface tension: thermodynamic considerations
		The tendency of a liquid surface to shrink
		Surface tension as lateral force
		Angle of contact
		Pressure difference across a curved liquid surface
		Capillary rise
		A few phenomena associated with surface tension
			Seepage of water through soil
			Formation of raindrops and clouds.
			Pouring oil over rough sea
			Walking on water
			Rayleigh-Plateau Instability: beads on cobweb threads
			Velocity of surface waves.
			Surfactants
Thermal Physics
	Thermodynamic systems and their interactions
		Adiabatic enclosures: Work
		Diathermic enclosures: Heat
		Examples of adiabatic and diathermic enclosures
	Thermodynamic equilibrium
	Thermodynamic processes
		Adiabatic process
		States and processes: thermodynamic state diagram
		Quasi-static processes
		Thermal equilibrium
	The zeroth law of thermodynamics: Temperature.
		Explaining the zeroth law
		Temperature as a thermodynamic variable
		Empirical scales of temperature
		The SI scale of temperature
		The direction of heat flow
		Thermal reservoir: heat source and heat sink
		Isothermal processes
	Adiabatic processes between given states
	The significance of adiabatic work
	The quantitative definition of heat
	The first law of thermodynamics
		Equivalence of heat and work
		Work performed by a gas in a quasi-static process
		Summary of the first law.
	Intensive and extensive variables
	The kinetic theory of gases
		Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions
		Mole number
		The ideal gas
		Pressure of a gas in kinetic theory
		The kinetic interpretation of temperature.
		The ideal gas equation of state
			Ideal gas: isothermal and adiabatic processes
		Random motion of molecules: Molecular collisions.
			Mean free path
		Brownian motion
		Mean speed and most probable speed
		Maxwell's velocity distribution formula
		Partial pressure
	Reversible and irreversible processes
	Entropy: thermodynamic definition
	The second law of thermodynamics
	Statistical physics: Boltzmann's formula
		The statistical interpretation of entropy
	Heat engines
		Explaining the idea of a heat engine
		The efficiency of a heat engine
		An ideal heat engine: the Carnot cycle
		The absolute scale of temperature
		Scales of temperature: summary
		The Rankine cycle
		The Otto and Diesel cycles
			The Otto cycle
			The Diesel cycle
		Refrigeration
	Thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
	Thermal expansion of solids
		Coefficients of expansion of a solid
		Relation between the three coefficients for a solid
		Instances of thermal expansion of solids
	Thermal stress
	Thermal expansion of liquids
		Apparent expansion and real expansion of a liquid
		The anomalous expansion of water
	Thermal expansion of gases
	Calorimetry
		Thermal capacities of bodies
		Specific heats of substances
		Specific heats of an ideal gas
		Adiabatic and isothermal expansion of gases
		The fundamental principle of calorimetry
	Change of state: phase transition
		Change of state as phase transition
		Transition temperature. Latent heat
		Dependence of transition temperature on the pressure
		Saturated vapor
		The coexistence curve: Triple point
		Gas and vapor
		Saturated air
		Saturation pressure and superincumbent pressure
		Evaporation
		Relative humidity
		Dew Point
	Transmission of heat
		Conduction
			Thermal conductivity
			Thermal diffusivity
			Stationary and non-stationary heat flow
		Convection
			Natural and forced convection
		Thermal radiation
			Stefan's law of radiation
			Energy exchange in radiative transfer
			Kirchhoff's principle
			Newton's law of cooling
			The greenhouse effect
	Supplement: Random variables and probability distributions
Wave motion I: Acoustic waves
	Simple harmonic oscillations of physical quantities
	Oscillations transmitted through space: waves
	Sound waves as variations in pressure: elastic waves
	Sound waves in one dimension
		Variation of excess pressure
		Propagation of the monochromatic wave
	Waves in three dimensions
		The plane progressive wave
		Waves of more general types
		The principle of superposition
	The wave equation
	Sources and boundary conditions
		The monopole source. Spherical wave.
		Dipole and quadrupole sources
		Sources and wave patterns: summary
	Reflection and refraction of plane waves
	Diffraction and scattering by obstacles
		Finite extent of interface
		Curvature of the interface
		Wave incident on an uneven surface
	Echo and reverberation of sound
		Echo
		Reverberation.
	Velocity, energy density, and intensity
		Formulation of the problem
		Displacement and strain
		Velocity of sound in a fluid
			Velocity of sound in an ideal gas
			Dependence on pressure, temperature, and humidity
		Energy density and intensity
			Spherical waves: the inverse square law of intensity.
	Ultrasonic waves
	Döppler effect
		Introduction
		Frequency related to rate of change of phase
		Döppler effect:the general formula
		Uniform motions of source and observer
	Supersonic objects and shock waves
		The production of shock fronts
	Superposition effects
		Interference
			Introduction to the idea of coherence
			Interference as superposition of coherent waves
		Standing waves
			Standing waves in an air column
			Features of a standing wave
			Superposition of propagating waves
			Progressive waves and standing waves: a few points of distinction
			Modes of standing waves in an air column
		Beats
		Wave packets: group velocity
	Vibrations of strings and diaphragms
		Transverse vibrations of stretched strings
		Vibrations of stretched diaphragms
		Musical instruments
	Loudness, pitch, and quality of sound
	Elastic waves in solids
		Vibrations in a crystalline medium: normal modes
		Elastic waves in an isotropic solid
Ray Optics
	Introduction
	Ray optics: basic principles
	Image formation by rays originating from a point source
	Image formation by reflection at a plane surface
	Refraction at a plane surface
		Image formation
		Refraction through a layer with parallel surfaces
	Total internal reflection
	Prism
		The basic formulae
		Deviation
		Limiting angle of incidence
		Minimum deviation
	Reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces
		Spherical mirrors: a few definitions
		Refraction at a spherical surface: definitions
	Sign convention in ray optics
	Image formation in reflection by a spherical mirror
		Focal length of a spherical mirror
		Aperture
		Image formation: relation between object distance and image distance
			Image for an off-axis object point
			Image formation for short extended objects
	Image formation by refraction at a spherical surface
		Refraction at a spherical surface: image formation for a point object on the axis
		Image formation for a short extended object
	Spherical lens
		Image formation by a thin lens
		Real and virtual image formation by a convex lens
		Image formation for off-axis points
		Longitudinal and transverse magnifications
		Angular magnification
		Minimum distance between object and real image
	Combination of thin lenses
		Equivalent lens
		Thin lenses in contact
	Aberrations in image formation
		Monochromatic and chromatic aberrations
		Types of monochromatic aberration
		Aberrations: an overview
		Correcting an optical system for aberrations
		Image imperfection: aberration and diffraction
	The human eye
	Optical instruments
		The camera
		The telescope and the compound microscope
			The telescope
			The compound microscope
Electrostatics
	Introduction: elementary charges
	Acquisition of charges by bodies
		Transfer of elementary charges
		Contact electrification and contact potential
	Electrostatic force between charges
		Coulomb's law
		The principle of superposition
	Electric field intensity and potential
		Electric field intensity
		Electrical potential
		Electrical potential: summary
		Potential `at infinity'
		Potential due to a point charge
		Potential due to a number of point charges
		Deriving the intensity from the potential
	Force on a thin layer of charge
	Electric dipole and dipole moment
		A pair of equal and opposite point charges
		Dipole moment and dipole
		Torque and force on a dipole in an electric field
			Torque on a dipole
			Force on a dipole
		Potential energy of a dipole in an electric field
	Electric lines of force and equipotential surfaces
		Geometrical description of an electric field. Neutral points.
		Characteristics of lines of force
		Equipotential surfaces
		Density of lines of force. Tubes of force.
		Separations between equipotential surfaces
	Gauss' principle in electrostatics
		Flux of electric field intensity
		Gauss' principle
			Flux due to a single point charge
			Solid angle
			Gauss' principle: derivation
	Applications of Gauss' principle
		A charged spherical conductor
		A spherically symmetric charge distribution
		Potential energy of a uniformly charged sphere
		An infinitely long cylindrical conductor
		An infinitely extended planar sheet of charge
	Conductors and dielectrics
		Free and bound electrons
		Electric field intensity and charge density within a conductor
		Conductor: surface charge density.
			Field intensity on the surface of a charged conductor
			Force on the surface of a charged conductor
		Accumulation of charge at sharp points
		Polarization in a dielectric medium
			The polarization vector. Electric susceptibility.
			Electric field intensity and the displacement vectors
			Field variables: the question of nomenclature
			Electric field in a dielectric: summary
			Field variables as space- and time averages
			A brief note on relative permittivity
	Capacitors and capacitance
		Charges and potentials on a pair of conductors
		The Uniqueness Theorem
		Capacitance of a pair of conductors
		The spherical condenser
		A pair of concentric spherical conductors
		Capacitance of a single conductor
		Self-capacitance and mutual capacitance
		The parallel plate capacitor
			Charge distribution in the plates
		Cylindrical capacitor
		Energy of a system of charged conductors
			Energy of a single charged conductor
			Energy of a charged parallel plate capacitor
			Electric field energy
		Capacitors in series and parallel
		Capacitors with dielectrics
	The potential of the earth
Electricity I: Steady currents and their magnetic effects
	Electrical Cells
		The half cell
		Electrochemical cell
			Half-cell potential
			Electromotive force of an electrochemical cell
			The Galvanic cell
			The electrolytic cell
			Primary and secondary cells
	Electrical conductors and electric current
	The current set up by a Galvanic cell
	Ohm's law. Electrical units
		Current density and current
		Resistance and resistivity
		Temperature dependence of resistivity
	Steady current in a conductor produced by an electrical cell
		Transformation of energy
		The pathway of energy flow
		Electromotive force (EMF) and source of EMF
		Heating effect of current: Joule's law of heating
		Summary: electrical cells, EMFs, and currents
	Series and parallel combination of resistances
		The laws of series and parallel combination
		Voltage division and current division
			Voltage division
			Current division
	Analysis of DC electrical circuits
		Kirchhoff's principles
			Kirchhoff's first principle
			Kirchhoff's second principle
		The principle of superposition
		The Wheatstone bridge
	The magnetic effect of currents
		Force between currents composed from elementary forces
		Force between a pair of parallel current-carrying wires
		Magnetic field intensity
		The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
		Field variables: the question of nomenclature
		Field due to a current loop. Principle of superposition.
		Magnetic lines of force
		Field intensity due to a straight wire
			Infinitely long and straight wire
		Magnetic field intensity due to a circular wire
			Magnetic field of a solenoid
		Ampere's circuital law
		Applications of the circuital law
			Ampere's law: field due to a long straight wire
			Ampere's law: the tightly wound long solenoid
			Infinitely long cylindrical current distribution
		The magnetic dipole
			Electric and magnetic dipole moments
			Current loop: a surface distribution of dipoles
			Torque and force on a magnetic dipole
			Energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
		Magnetic field: comparison with electrostatics
		Currents and magnetic fields: overview
	Magnetic properties of materials
		Magnetization in a material body
		Magnetic susceptibility and magnetic permeability
			Field variables as space- and time averages
		Dia- and paramagnetism
			Paramagnetism
			Diamagnetism
		Ferromagnetism
			Spontaneous magnetization
			Magnetic domains
			The magnetization curve: hysteresis
			Residual magnetism: permanent magnets
			Transition to paramagnetic behaviour
	The earth as a magnet: geomagnetism
	The chemical effect of current
		Electrolytes and electrolysis
		Farday's laws of electrolysis
	Thermoelectric effects
Electricity II: Varying and alternating currents
	Introduction
	Electromagnetic induction
		Magnetic flux
		Farday's law of electromagnetic induction
			Lenz's law
			Motional EMF
		The principle of DC and AC generators
			Conducting frame rotating in a magnetic field
		Rotating magnetic field: AC motors
			The synchronous motor
			The asynchronous motor
		The principle of DC motors. Back EMF.
			DC motor: back EMF
		Self-inductance
			Self-inductance of a long solenoid
			Self-inductance of a toroidal solenoid
			Inductor
			Back EMF in an inductor
		Mutual inductance
	Varying currents in electrical circuits
		Currents and voltages in an L-R circuit
			Growth of current
			Decay of current
		Analysis of circuits with varying currents
		Currents and voltages in a C-R circuit
			Growth of charge
			Decay of charge
		Oscillations in an L-C-R circuit
	Magnetic field energy
	Alternating currents
		Mathematical description of AC currents and voltages
			Amplitude, frequency, and phase
			Root mean squared values
			The complex representation of AC quantities
		An L-C-R circuit with an AC source
		Impedance
		Analysis of AC circuits
		Power in an AC circuit
		The three-phase supply
		The transformer
			Back EMFs
			The loading of the primary
			The current ratio
			Energy losses in the transformer
			The transformer in three phase distribution
		Eddy currents
Wave motion II: Electromagnetic waves
	Introduction
	Electromagnetic theory
		The electromagnetic field in free space
			What the first equation means
			What the second equation means
			What the third equation means
			What the fourth equation means
			The four equations: an overview
		Electromagnetic fields in material media
	Electromagnetic waves
		Sources of electromagnetic waves
		Transmission of energy
		The principle of superposition
	The plane progressive monochromatic wave
		Space-time field variations
		Frequency, wavelength and velocity
		The phase
		The wave front and its propagation
		The electromagnetic spectrum
		Energy flux and intensity
			Energy density and energy flux
			Intensity
			Velocity of energy transport
		Radiation pressure
		The state of polarization of an electromagnetic wave
		Wave propagating in an arbitrarily chosen direction
		Wave normals and rays
	The complex representation of wave functions
	Reflection and refraction of plane waves
		Reflection
		Refraction
		Total internal reflection
	Dispersion and absorption
		Plane waves in a dielectric medium
			Features of dielectric constant: summary
		Plane waves in a conducting medium: attenuation
		Negative refractive index: metamaterials
	The monochromatic spherical and cylindrical waves
	Wave packet and group velocity
	Coherent and incoherent waves
	Stationary waves
Wave Optics
	Introduction
	Experiments with an illuminated aperture
		Spreading and bending of waves
		Waves coming out of pin-holes and slits
	Interference of coherent waves
		Superposition of two plane waves
			The resultant intensity.
			Maxima and minima in I(r).
			Conditions for interference
		A simplified approach: interference of scalar waves
		The complex representation of wave functions
		Young's pattern with a pair of pin-holes
			Phase difference and path difference
		Young's pattern with a pair of slits
		Young's fringes with partially coherent light
			Young's pattern with unpolarized light
			Quasi-monochromatic light
			Coherence time
			Coherence length
		Thin film patterns
			Fringes of equal inclination
			Fringes of equal thickness
			The color of thin films
			Non-reflective coatings
	Diffraction of light
		Introduction
		The basic approach in diffraction theory
		The intensity distribution
		Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction patterns
		The single slit Fraunhofer pattern
			Ray paths corresponding to secondary waves.
			The intensity formula.
			Absence of diffraction in the vertical direction.
			The intensity graph
			Fraunhofer fringes with a slit-source.
			Phase in Fraunhofer diffraction
			Coherence properties and diffraction fringes
		The double slit Fraunhofer pattern
		The diffraction grating
		Resolving powers of optical instruments
	Polarized and unpolarized light
		The basic components: x-polarized and y-polarized light
		Specifying the basic components and their phase relation
		Correlations: polarized and unpolarized light
		Elliptically polarized light
		Circularly polarized and linearly polarized light
		Intensity relations
		Optical anisotropy: double refraction
		Production of polarized light
	Lasers: coherent sources of light
		Emission and absorption as quantum processes
		The state of a photon
		Classical and quantum descriptions of the field
		Stimulated emission of radiation
		Stimulated emission and coherent waves
		Population inversion
		Light amplification in a resonant cavity
		The laser as a coherent source of light: summary
	Holography
	Scattering of light
		Rayleigh scattering
			Rayleigh scattering by a single scatterer
			Rayleigh scattering in a fluid
		Mie scattering
		Raman scattering
	Wave optics and ray optics
Quantum theory
	Introduction
		Quantum and classical concepts: analogy from optics
		Emergence of quantum concepts
	Quantum and classical descriptions of the state of a system
		Illustration: the free particle in one dimension
		Wave-like features
		Wave function: de Broglie relations
		Quantum description of state: summary
	The principle of uncertainty
		Uncertainty in momentum
		Momentum and position uncertainties
	Observable quantities, probability distributions, and uncertainties
	The simple harmonic oscillator
		Bound system: quantization of energy
		Digression: the continuous and the discrete
		Harmonic oscillator: the uncertainty principle at work
	Time evolution of states
	Superposed states in quantum theory
	Mixed states: incoherent superposition
	Black body radiation: Planck's hypothesis
		Harmonic oscillators in thermal equilibrium
	Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom
		The hydrogen spectrum
		Bohr's postulates and the hydrogen spectrum
		Bohr's theory and the quantum theory of the atom
		The hydrogen spectrum: mechanism
	Applications of Bohr's theory
	Bound and unbound systems: standing and traveling waves
	Photoelectric effect: Einstein's theory
		Features of photoelectric emission
		The role of photons in photoelectric emission
		Bound systems and binding energy
		The basic equation for photoelectric emission
	The Compton effect
	Quantum theory goes deep: particles and fields
Relativity: the special and the general theory
	Relativity: Introduction
		Introduction: frames of reference, inertial frames
		Introduction: the Galilean principle of equivalence
		Introduction: the non-relativistic and the relativistic
		Introduction: the equivalence principles
	The special theory of relativity
		Inertial frames and the velocity of light
		The Lorentz transformation formulae
		Space-time interval
		Lorentz transformation: the general form
		Consequences of the Lorentz trasformation formula
			Relativity of simultaneity
			Lorentz contraction
			Time dilatation
			Velocity transformation
			Relativistic aberration
		Space-time diagrams and world lines
			Representation of events and world lines
			The space-time diagram and Lorentz transformations
			The invariant regions
			Time-like and space-like separations
		Space-time geometry
			Geometry in `1+1' dimensions
			The (1+3)-dimensional space-time geometry
		Physical quantities as four-vectors
			Vectors: the basic idea
			Four-vectors
			Four-vectors and tensors: a primer
			The velocity four-vector
			Relativistic mass, relativistic momentum, and relativistic energy
			The energy-momentum four-vector
			The Döppler effect
			The force four-vector
		The electromagnetic field as a tensor
	The general theory of relativity: a brief introduction
		Introduction: the general principle of equivalence
		Tensor fields
		Einstein's equation for the metric tensor
		Equation of motion in a gravitational field
		Gravitation and the electromagnetic field
		The Schwarzschild solution
		Schwarzschild solution: a few consequences
			The Newtonian limit
			Gravitational time dilatation and red shift
			Black holes
		The general theory of relativity: the classical and the quantum
Atoms, Nuclei, and Molecules
	Introduction
	The atomic nucleus: atomic volume and mass
	Single-electron states
		Single-electron states: elliptic orbits and degeneracy
		Single-electron states: space quantization
		Single-electron states: electron spin
		Single-electron states: summary and notation
	Building up the atom
		Electronic configuration and electron shells
		Electronic configurations and the periodic table
	The atom as a whole
		Screening of the nuclear charge
		Quantum theory of atomic states: a brief outline
			The indistuinguishability principle and its consequences
			Electron-electron interaction: the central field
			Electron-electron interaction: the spin-dependent residual term
			Spin-orbit coupling: excited states of sodium and magnesium
		The atom as a whole: summary and overview
	Continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra
		Bohr's theory and X-ray spectra
	Atomic spectra
	Physics of the atomic nucleus
		The atomic number and the mass number
		The nucleon: internal characteristics
		The interaction force between nucleons
			The saturation property of nuclear forces
			The nucleus as a liquid drop: nuclear radius
		Nuclear binding energy and mass: nuclear stability
			The mass-energy equivalence principle
			Units for nuclear masses
			Relating nuclear mass to binding energy
			Binding energy and nuclear stability
		The binding energy curve
			The starting point
			Finite size effect: the surface correction
			The effect of the nuclear charge
			Other corrections: the mass formula
			The graph
		Single particle and collective nuclear excitations
		Radioactive decay
			Alpha decay
			Beta decay
			Gamma decay
			Radioactive decay law
			Successive radioactive disintegrations
		Nuclear reactions
			Introduction: examples of nuclear reactions
			Conservation principles in nuclear reactions
			Energy balance in nuclear reactions
			Nuclear fission
			Nuclear fusion
		Introduction to elementary particles
			The classification of elementary particles
			Elementary particles and quantum numbers
			Anti-particles
			The quark structure of elementary particles
			The basic interactions
			The conservation principles
			The mediating particles
			Symmetries and the conservation laws
			The Higgs field and the Higgs boson
	The physics of molecules
		The binding of atoms in molecules: molecular bonds
			The ionic bond
			The covalent bond
			The hydrogen bond
		Stationary states of molecules: molecular excitations
	From molecules to solids
Electronics
	Introduction
	Electrical properties of semiconductors
		Energy bands of electrons in a crystal
		The filling up of the bands
		The valence- and the conduction bands
		Electrochemical potential and the Fermi level
		Energy bands: summary
		Conductors, insulators, and intrinsic semiconductors
		Doped semiconductors
		Intrinsic and doped semiconductors: summary
	The p-n junction diode
		The junction diode: structural features
		The junction diode at thermal equilibrium
		The junction diode in forward and reverse bias
		Junction diode: current-voltage graph
		Junction diode: summary
		The diode as rectifier
		Special-purpose diodes
			The Zener diode
			The light emitting diode
			The laser diode
	The bipolar junction transistor
		The emitter, the base, and the collector
		The two-diode model of the transistor
		Transistor currents and voltages
		The transistor in the active mode
		The transistor in the saturation and cut-off modes
		Transistor characteristics
		The parameters  and  of the transistor
		Convention for using notations
		The common emitter input impedance
		AC transistor operation: summary
		Voltage amplification
			DC bias: the Q-point
			Blocking and bypass capacitors
			AC operation of the amplifier: voltage gain
	The operational amplifier (Op-amp)
		The differential amplifier
		Op-amp basics
	Oscillators
	Introduction to digital electronics
		Boolean algebra
			Digital circuits and binary numbers
			Combinational and sequential circuits
		The basic logic gates
			The OR and AND gates with diodes
			The NOT gate with a transistor
		Logic families
		The Exclusive-OR, NOR, and NAND gates
		Boolean identities and Boolean expressions
			De Morgan's identities
		The binary numbers. Binary arithmetic
			The Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hex systems
			Bits and Bytes
		Eight-bit arithmetic
			1's complement and 2's complement
			Addition and subtraction in 8-bit arithmetic
			Overflow and carry
			Binary multiplication and division
		The adder
		Flip-flops
			the SR flip-flop
			the D flip-flop
			The JK flip-flop