Basic Physics

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Contents
To the Reader
1 Motion
	Objectives
	Speed
	Acceleration
	Motion Diagrams
	The Acceleration of Gravity
	Acceleration Equations
	Velocity: A Vector Quality
	A Vector Application: Projectile Motion
	Adding Velocities: Another Vector Application
	Mathematical Methods of Vector Addition (Optional)
		Self-Test
2 Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion
	Objectives
	What is a force?
	Newton’s First Law
	Newton’s Second Law
	Acceleration and Net Force As Vectors
	Units Used In Newton’s Second Law
	Mass and Weight
	Gravity Again
	Terminal Speed
	Circular Motion
	Newton’s Third Law (The Last!)
	Newton’s Third Law During Acceleration
		Self-Test
3 Conservation of Momentum and Energy
	Objectives
	Momentum
	Momentum Conservation
	Collisions
	Momentum Problems
	Friction and the Earth
	Work
	Power
	Gravitational Potential Energy
	Kinetic Energy
	Energy Conservation
	Energy in Collisions
	More Energy Calculations (Optional)
		Self-Test
4 Gravity
	Objectives
	The Law of Gravity
	The Moon and Gravity
	Kepler’s Laws
	Newton’s Explanation for Kepler’s Second Law
	Kepler’s Third Law (Optional)
	Earth Satellites
	Weightlessness
	Calculations (Optional)
		Self-Test
5 Atoms and Molecules
	Objectives
	Elements and Compounds
	Atoms and Molecules
	The Periodic Table
	Electron Orbits
	Atomic Masses
	Avogadro’s Number
	Problems (Optional)
		Self-Test
6 Solids
	Objectives
	Atoms in a Solid
	Density
	Specific Gravity
	Pressure
	Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
		Self-Test
7 Liquids and Gases
	Objectives
	Molecules in a Liquid
	Pressure in a Liquid
	Buoyancy
	Pascal’s Principle
	Molecules in Gases
	Diffusion Through Liquids and Gases
	Pressure in Gases
	The Barometer
	Buoyancy in Gases
	Solids, Liquids, and Gases Reviewed
		Self-Test
8 Temperature and Heat Energy
	Objectives
	The Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
	The Celsius Scale
	The Kelvin Scale
	Expansion Related to Temperature: Thermometers
	Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat Energy
	The Calorie
	The Joule
	Specific Heat
		Self-Test
9 Change of State and Transfer of Heat Energy
	Objectives
	Melting: The Heat of Fusion
	The Heat of Vaporization
	Transfer of Heat: Conduction
	Convection
	Radiation
		Self-Test
10 Wave Motion
	Objectives
	The Period of a Pendulum
	Relation between Length and Period (Optional)
	Frequency
	Waves
	Relationship between the Variables
	Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
	Energy Transfer
	The Doppler Effect
		Self-Test
11 Sound
	Objectives
	Sound Waves
	The Speed of Sound
	Frequency and Wavelength Range
	Intensity
	The Decibel Scale
	Intensity Calculations (Optional)
	Decrease of Intensity with Distance
	Resonance
	Refraction
		Self-Test
12 Diffraction, Interference, and Music
	Objectives
	Loudness
	Diffraction of Sound
	Interference
	Beats
	Pitch
	Quality
	Standing Waves in a String
	Standing Waves in a Gas
	The Doppler Effect in Sound
	The Sonic Boom
		Self-Test
13 Static Electricity
	Objectives
	Coulomb’s Law
	Calculations with Coulomb’s Law (Optional)
	The Electric Field
	Calculating Electric Fields Using Coulomb’s Law (Optional)
	Charging by Friction: The Triboelectric Series
	Insulators and Conductors
	The Electroscope
	Charging by Induction
		Self-Test
14 Electrical Current
	Objectives
	Flow of Electric Charge
	Batteries and Voltage
	Ohm’s Law
	Batteries in Series and Parallel
	Series Circuits
	Parallel Circuits
	Series vs. Parallel: Home Wiring
	Alternating Current
	Energy Dissipated in a Resistor
	SI Calculations
		Self-Test
15 Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Currents
	Objectives
	Magnetic Fields
	Fields Produced by Currents
	Strength-of-Field Calculations (Optional)
	Magnetic Fields due to Loops and Solenoids
	Calculating the Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (Optional)
	The Cause of Magnetism
	Electric Meters
	Electric Motors
		Self-Test
16 Electrical Induction
	Objectives
	A Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field
	Inducing a Current
	A Coil and a Magnet
	Lenz’s Law
	Two Coils: The Transformer
	Voltage and Power Through a Transformer
	Self-Induction
		Self-Test
17 Electromagnetic Waves
	Objectives
	Production of Radio Waves
	The Electromagnetic Spectrum
		Self-Test
18 Light: Wave or Particle?
	Objectives
	Galileo and the Speed of Light
	Roemer’s Measurement
	Michelson’s Method
	Huygens’ Principle
	Newton’s Particles
	Electromagnetic Waves
	The Photoelectric Effect
	Electromagnetic Theory and the Photoelectric Effect
	The Ether
	The Michelson–Morley Experiment
	Summary
		Self-Test
19 The Quantum Nature of Light
	Objectives
	Blackbody Radiation and Electromagnetic Theory
	Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
	Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect
	The Bohr Model of the Atom
	Emission of Light
	Excitation of Atoms
	Types of Lamps
	Phosphorescence
	The Laser
		Self-Test
20 Reflection, Refraction, and Dispersion
	Objectives
	Reflection
	Refraction
	Calculating Angles of Refraction (Optional)
	Total Internal Reflection
	Quantitative Treatment (Optional) (Prerequisite: Frames 10, 11)
	Atmospheric Refraction: Sunset
	Mirages
	Dispersion
	The Rainbow
		Self-Test
21 Lenses and Instruments
	Objectives
	Lenses
	Images
	Magnification
	Image Calculations (Optional)
	Virtual Images: The Magnifier
	Calculations of Virtual Image Distances (Optional) (Prerequisite: Frame 8)
	Diverging Lenses
	Diverging Calculations (Optional) (Prerequisite: Frame 8)
	The Camera
	The Eye
	The Projector
	The Microscope
	The Telescope
		Self-Test
22 Light as a Wave
	Objectives
	Diffraction
	Double Slit Interference*
	The Diffraction Grating
	Thin Film Interference
	Polarization
		Self-Test
23 Color
	Objectives
	The Visible Spectrum
	Under Colored Lights
	Why Don’t Things Work this Perfectly in Practice?
		Self-Test
Appendix A Scientific Notation: Powers of Ten
	Method of Writing Large Numbers
	Method of Writing Small Numbers
	Calculations with Scientific Notation (Optional)
		Self-Test
Appendix B The Metric System
	Length
	Mass
	Metric Prefixes
	Metric Conversions
Index
EULA