Basic photographic materials and processes

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Introduction
SECTION 1: CAPTURE
	1 Light and Photometry
		The Nature of Light
		Measuring Light Waves
		The Electromagnetic Spectrum
		The Visible Spectrum
		Spectral Power Distributions
		Solid-Object Sources and the Heat-Light Relationship
		Vapor Sources and the Effect of Electrical Discharge
		Luminescence, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
		Methods of Measuring Light
			Intensity
			Flux
			Illuminance
			Luminance
		Color Temperature
		The Mired Scale
		Color Rendering Index
		The Color Quality Scale
		Describing the Appearance of Light
		The Polarization of Light
		Commonly Encountered Light Sources
			Sunlight
			Tungsten-Filament Lamps
			Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
			Fluorescent Lamps
			Compact Fluorescent Lamps
			High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
			Electronic Flash
			Light-Emitting Diodes
		Proof of Concept: Visualizing the Spectral Output of Light Sources
	2 Photographic Optics
		Image Formation with a Pinhole
		Image Formation with a Lens
		Lens Focal Length
			Normal Focal Length
			Telephoto Focal Lengths
			Wide-Angle Focal Lengths
			Variable Focal Length
		The Relationship Between Focal Length and Perspective
			Focal Length and Image Size
			Object Distance and Image Size
			Focal Length and Object Distance
		Drawing Lens Diagrams
		Depth of Field
			Depth of Field Controls
			Depth of Field and F-Number
			Depth of Field and Object Distance
			Depth of Field and Focal Length
		Depth of Focus
		Specialty Lenses
			Macro Lenses
			Perspective Control Lenses
			Catadioptric Lenses
			Reversed Telephoto Wide-Angle Lenses
			Supplemental Lenses
			Extension Tubes and Teleconverters
		Lens Shortcomings and Aberrations
			Chromatic Aberration
			Spherical Aberration
			Diffraction
			Vignetting
			Bokeh
			Barrel and Pincushion Distortion
			Flare
		Proof of Concept: Focal Length, Subject Distance and Portraits
	3 Digital Camera Technology
		The Single Lens Reflex Camera Design
		Recording Light with Digital Image Sensors
			Bayer Pattern Color Filter Array
			X-Trans Color Filter Array
		Camera Sensor Technologies
			Charge-Coupled Device Sensor
			Sparse Color Filter Array Sensor
			Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensor
			Backside Illumination Detectors
			Foveon Sensor
			Image Sensor Sizes
		Camera Sensor Resolution
			Pixel Pitch
			Image Bit Depth
			Aliasing and Moiré Patterns
		Apertures
		Shutters
			Leaf Shutters
			Focal Plane Shutters
			Electronic Shutters
		Automatic Exposure and Metering
		Automatic Focus
			Phase Detection Autofocus
			Contrast Detection Autofocus
			Active Autofocus
			Autofocus Points
		Image Stabilization
			Lens-Based Optical Image Stabilization
			Camera-Based Image Stabilization
			Electronic Image Stabilization
		Camera Viewfinders
			Optical Viewfinders
			Electronic Viewfinders
		Electronic Flash
		Camera Form Factors and Characteristics
			Single Lens Reflex Cameras
			Medium Format Cameras
			Rangefinders
			View Cameras
			Mirrorless Cameras
			Compact Cameras
			Mobile Phone Cameras
			Action Cameras
		Camera Storage Media
	4 Photographic Exposure
		Exposure Determination
		Dictating Exposure Time with Shutter Speed
		Dictating the Amount of Light with F-Number
			Lens Speed
		Dictating Effective Sensitivity with Gain and ISO
		Exposure and Dynamic Range
			Blooming
		The Utility of Image Histograms
			Histogram Interpretation
			In-Camera versus Desktop Software Histograms
		Exposure Value
		Equivalent Exposure
		The Image Capture/Exposure Sequence
		Using a Neutral Reference Target
		In-Camera Exposure Metering
			Matrix or Evaluative Metering
			Center-Weighted Metering
			Spot Metering
			Exposure Compensation
			Automatic Exposure Behaviors
		Handheld Light Metering
		Alternative Metering Methods
		Synchronizing Flash and Camera Exposure
		Exposing to the Right
		Bracketing Exposure
		Setting White Balance
		Proof of Concept: Optimizing Photographic Exposure with Low Light Shooting
	5 Lens Filters
		Transmittance, Opacity and Density
		How Light is Filtered
		The Filter Factor
		Color Filters
		Neutral Density Filters
		Polarizing Filters
		Ultraviolet and Infrared Filters
		Spectrophotometric Absorption Curves
		Proof of Concept: Constructing Color Images Using Color Separations
	6 Motion Video Fundamentals
		Motion Perception and Memory
			Persistent Images
			Afterimages
			Visual Memory
		Defining Motion Video and its Parameters
			Frame Rate
			Shutter Angle
			Resolution
			Aspect Ratio
		Video Formats and Encoding Strategies
			Intraframe and Interframe Encoding
			Chroma Subsampling
		Video Codecs
			Motion JPEG
			MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (H.264)
			High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)
			VP9
			AOMedia Video 1 (AV1)
		Audio in Video
		Bitrate and File Size
		Video Quality Artifacts
			Blocking
			Packet Loss
			Ringing
			Mosquito Noise
			Color Bleeding
			Jerkiness
		Emerging Trends in Motion Video
			Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range
			Short Form or Micro Video
			Immersive Video
SECTION 2: PROCESS
	7 Demosaicing and Interpolation
		Contents of a Raw File
		Image Interpolation
		Demosaicing Image Data
		Processing Steps Following Demosaicing
			Exposure Adjustment
			Color Space Mapping
			Gamma Correction
			Noise Reduction
			Anti-Aliasing Filter
			Sharpening
			Reinterpreting Raw with New Algorithms
		Resampling an Image
			Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
			Bilinear Interpolation
			Bicubic Interpolation
		The Life Cycle of Image Pixel Data
	8 Digital Asset Management
		Defining Image Data
		Image Data and Quality
		Image File Formats
			Raw
			DNG
			JPEG
			TIFF
			BMP
			GIF
			PNG
			HEIF
			Proprietary Editing Software Formats
		Why Raw Works for Digital Asset Management
		The Photographic Workflow
			Image Ingestion
			Naming Files
			Cataloging Software
			Image Editing
			Metadata and Keywords
		Image Data and File Sizes
		File Storage Options
			Optical Disc Media
			Hard Disk Drives
			Solid State Drives
			Disk Configurations
			Backup Solutions
			Remote Server File Hosting and Storage Services
			Data Recovery
		Avenues for Data Transfer
			Data Transfer Connection Standards
		Computer Workstation Hardware
			Central Processing Unit
			Graphics Processing Unit
			Random Access Memory
			Storage Drives
		Proof of Concept: Considering File Types and Image Content
	9 Digital Tone Reproduction
		Objective and Subjective Tone Reproduction
		The Evolution of Tone Reproduction
		Revisiting the Image Histogram
		Interpreting the Tone Curve
		Using the Curves Tool to Modify Tones
			Inverting Tones for Negative Film Scans
			The Zero-Sum Game of Tone Reproduction
		Using the Levels Tool to Modify Tones
		Common Tone Reproduction Software Controls
		Color Correction and the ColorChecker
		Color Balancing Using Color Channel Curves
			Split Toning
		Proof of Concept: Color Correcting Film Scans using Curves
	10 Software Filters
		Sharpening an Image
		Blurring an Image
		Blending Images
		Black and White Conversion
		Digital Filtering for Special Effect
		Filter Masking
		Proof of Concept: Reproducing an Aesthetic Filter Process
	11 Camera Characterization and Image Quality
		The Imaging Pipeline
		The Many Tasks of the Image Signal Processor
			ISP Task: Auto White Balance
			ISP Task: Black Level Subtraction
			ISP Task: Stuck Pixels
			ISP Task: Demosaicing
			ISP Task: Compressing and Saving
			ISP Task: Video Recording
		Characterizing a Camera
		Testing Sensor Linearity
		Evaluating Bright and Low Light Performance
		Categorizing Image Noise
			Fixed Pattern Noise
			Dark Noise
			Read Noise
			Photon Noise
			Signal to Noise Ratio
			Delineating Noise from Graininess
		Considering Sensor Dynamic Range
		Identifying Non-Uniformities
		Evaluating Lens Quality: Sharpness and Detail
			Modulation Transfer Function
			Interpreting an MTF Plot
			Shooting to Evaluate Image Definition
		Assessing Color Accuracy
			Calculating Color Difference
			White Balance Accuracy
		Calibrating Autofocus
		Considering Your Imaging Tools
		Proof of Concept: Comparing Noise Characteristics of Two Cameras
	12 Image Compression
		Image Compression and Information Theory
		The Basic Stages of Image Compression
		Finding Redundancies in Image Data
			Spatial or Interpixel Redundancy
			Coding Redundancy
			Psychovisual Redundancy
			Temporal Redundancy
		Compression and Scene Content
		Lossless Compression Approaches for Removing Spatial Redundancy
			Run-Length Encoding
			Bit-Plane Encoding
			Differential Encoding
		Lossless Compression Approaches for Removing Coding Redundancy
			Huffman Coding
			Lempel–Ziv–Welch Compression
		The YCbCr Color Space
			Compressing Color
		Using Discrete Cosine Transforms to Compress
		JPEG Compression
		Common Image Compression Artifacts
			Blocking Artifacts
			Ringing Artifacts
			Posterization
			Color Bleeding
			Generation Loss
SECTION 3: OUTPUT
	13 Color Vision and Systems
		Sensing Light with the Human Eye
			Color Vision Theories
			Testing Color Vision
			Color Vision Deficiencies
		Methods of Creating Color
			Additive Mixing
			Subtractive Mixing
			Metamerism’s Role in Color Reproduction
			Partitive Mixing
		Defining Color with Color Specification Systems
		The Pantone System of Color Specification
		The Munsell System of Color Specification
		The CIE System of Color Specification
			The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
			CIELAB Space
		The Roles of Light and Color on Perception and Perspective
			Light Adaptation
			Color Contrast
			Linear Perspective
			Color and Perceived Distance
			Shape and Dimension
			Size and Relative Size
			Depth of Field
			Lighting
			Overlap
			Aerial Haze
			Texture
		Proof of Concept: Looking Closely at Additive Color Mixing on Displays
	14 Color Management
		Why Color Management Matters
		Who Governs Color Management?
		Reviewing Color Data Concepts
			Color Space Types
			sRGB, Adobe RGB and ProPhoto RGB
			Pointer’s Gamut
			Revisiting the ColorChecker
		Defining Characterization and Calibration
		Color Management Systems
			The ICC Profile
			Canned Profiles
			The iccMAX Profile
			CMYK Profiles
			Converting or Assigning Profiles
		Creating Profiles with Color Measurement Tools
			Input Profiles for Cameras or Scanners
			Display Device Profiles
			Printer Profiles
		Gamut Handling and the Profile Connection Space
			Rendering Intents
		Evaluating Color Reproduction
			Measuring and Comparing Color
			Color Correction
		Establishing an Appropriate Workspace Setup
		Soft Proofing with Profiles
			A Soft Proofing Workflow
	15 Display Technology
		Relevant Display Technologies for Photographers
			Cathode Ray Tube
			Liquid Crystal Display
			Organic Light-Emitting Diode
			Quantum Dot
			Display Connection Standards
		Display Resolution
			Aspect Ratio and Screen Size
		Refresh Rates and Response Time
		Display Dynamic Range, Brightness and Bit Depth
		Display Color Gamut
		Defining the Display Viewing Conditions
			Viewing Angle
			Viewing Distance
		Calibration and Configuration for Color Management
			Recommended Settings and Conditions
			Display Profile Characteristics
		Emerging Display Trends and Applications
			Night Modes and Reduced Blue Light Exposure
			Electronic Viewfinders
			Head Mounted Displays
		Proof of Concept: Documenting the Growth in Mobile Device Display Capabilities
	16 Printing and Physical Media
		The Fundamentals of Printing
			Pixels Per Inch and Dots Per Inch
			Continuous Tone and Halftone Printing
		Printer Technologies
			Inkjet Printing
			Photosensitive Light Writing Printing
			Electrophotographic Printing with Dry Toners
			Electrophotographic Printing with Liquid Toners
			Thermal Dye-Diffusion Printing
			Dye Sublimation Printing
		Ink Technology
			Aqueous Inkjet Inks
			Solvent Inks
			Ultraviolet Curable Inks
			Latex Inks
			Dye Sublimation Inks
		Printing Substrates
			Aqueous Inkjet Substrates
			Chromogenic Substrates
			Liquid Toner Substrates
			Dry Toner Substrates
			Dye Sublimation Substrates
		Photo Paper Characteristics
			Paper Weight and Thickness
			Surface Sheen
			Surface Texture
			Brightness and Optical Brightening Agents
			Mineral Whiteners
			Paper White Point
		Understanding Printer Settings
			Photo Black and Matte Black Inks
			Printhead Height
			Printing Bit Depth
			Super MicroWeave and Finest Detail
			High-Speed Printing
			Output Resolution
			Printer Drivers
		Print Size and Viewing Distance
		Raster Image Processing
		Hard Proofing
		Printing Issues
		Evaluating Paper and Print Quality
			Testing for OBAs
			Measuring Color Gamut and White Point
			Measuring Black Point Density and Gloss
			Critically Evaluating Color and Contrast
Index