Basic Medical Endocrinology , Fourth Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 14
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 28
Preface to the First Edition......Page 30
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 32
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 34
Contents......Page 8
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 36
Biosynthesis of Hormones......Page 39
Hormones in Blood......Page 43
SPECIFICITY......Page 45
CHARACTERISTICS OF RECEPTORS......Page 46
HORMONAL ACTIONS MEDIATED BY INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS......Page 47
HORMONAL ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SURFACE RECEPTORS......Page 49
REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION......Page 56
MEASUREMENT OF HORMONES......Page 58
Suggested Reading......Page 61
Morphology......Page 64
GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES......Page 66
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN FAMILY......Page 68
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND......Page 69
HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES......Page 70
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION......Page 73
Physiology of the Posterior Pituitary......Page 74
REGULATION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION......Page 75
Suggested Reading......Page 76
Morphology......Page 78
Thyroid Hormones......Page 79
BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 80
SECRETION......Page 81
EFFECTS OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE......Page 83
Thyroid Hormones in Blood......Page 84
Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones......Page 85
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 87
METABOLISM......Page 88
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion......Page 91
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action......Page 92
Suggested Reading......Page 94
Morphology......Page 96
ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES......Page 97
Physiology of the Mineralocorticoids......Page 106
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS......Page 110
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE MEDULLARY CATECHOLAMINES......Page 121
STORAGE, RELEASE, AND METABOLISM OF MEDULLARY HORMONES......Page 122
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF MEDULLARY HORMONES......Page 123
Suggested Reading......Page 124
AUGMENTATION, ANTAGONISM, AND SYNERGY......Page 126
Modulation of Responding Systems......Page 128
SENSITIVITY AND CAPACITY......Page 129
SPARE RECEPTORS......Page 131
REDUNDANCY......Page 132
REINFORCEMENT......Page 133
PUSH–PULL MECHANISMS......Page 134
Functional Anatomy of the GI Tract......Page 136
Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 139
THE GASTRIN/CHOLECYSTOKININ FAMILY......Page 140
THE SECRETIN/GLUCAGON SUPERFAMILY......Page 147
Concluding Comments......Page 159
Suggested Reading......Page 162
Morphology of the Endocrine Pancreas......Page 164
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON......Page 165
BIOSYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND METABOLISM......Page 169
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF INSULIN......Page 170
MECHANISM OF INSULIN ACTION......Page 178
REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION......Page 179
Suggested Reading......Page 184
BODY FUELS......Page 186
FUEL CONSUMPTION......Page 188
Overall Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration......Page 190
Long-term Regulation......Page 191
ADIPOSE TISSUE......Page 192
LIVER......Page 193
POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD......Page 194
FASTING......Page 195
Hormonal Interactions During Exercise......Page 197
SUSTAINED AEROBIC EXERCISE......Page 198
Long-term Regulation of Fuel Storage......Page 199
ADIPOGENESIS......Page 200
HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE......Page 201
ADIPOSITY SIGNALS......Page 203
PERSPECTIVE......Page 208
Suggested Reading......Page 209
General Considerations......Page 210
Salt and Water Balance......Page 211
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)......Page 213
ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT......Page 214
EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 215
Blood Volume......Page 216
Dysfunctional States......Page 217
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System......Page 218
ACTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II......Page 219
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)......Page 221
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS......Page 223
Integrated Compensatory Responses to Changes in Salt and Water Balance......Page 225
HEMORRHAGE......Page 227
DEHYDRATION......Page 228
SALT LOADING AND DEPLETION......Page 229
Suggested Reading......Page 230
General Features of Calcium Balance......Page 232
CALCIUM BALANCE......Page 233
Parathyroid Glands and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)......Page 237
BIOSYNTHESIS, STORAGE, AND SECRETION OF PTH......Page 238
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF PTH......Page 239
PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PEPTIDE (PTHRP)......Page 242
REGULATION OF PTH SECRETION......Page 243
BIOSYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND METABOLISM......Page 244
REGULATION OF SECRETION......Page 245
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF 1,25(OH)[sub(2)]D[sub(3)]......Page 246
Calcium Regulation of Plasma Calcium Concentrations......Page 249
RESPONSE TO A HYPOCALCEMIC CHALLENGE......Page 250
Other Hormones That Influence Calcium Balance......Page 251
Suggested Reading......Page 252
Growth Hormone......Page 254
MODE OF ACTION......Page 256
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE......Page 257
Regulation of GH Secretion......Page 262
Thyroid Hormones......Page 266
Insulin......Page 268
Gonadal Hormones......Page 269
EFFECTS ON GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION AND ACTION......Page 270
EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS......Page 271
Glucocorticoids......Page 272
Suggested Reading......Page 273
LEYDIG CELLS AND SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES......Page 274
MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT......Page 276
LEYDIG CELLS......Page 277
GERMINAL EPITHELIUM......Page 279
SECRETION AND METABOLISM......Page 280
EFFECTS ON THE MALE GENITAL TRACT......Page 281
Sexual Differentiation......Page 282
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES......Page 283
TESTICULAR DESCENT INTO THE SCROTUM......Page 285
Regulation of Testicular Function......Page 286
GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC PULSE GENERATOR......Page 287
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATORS......Page 289
PUBERTY......Page 290
Suggested Reading......Page 291
OVARIES......Page 292
OVIDUCTS AND UTERUS......Page 295
ESTROGENS......Page 296
Control of Ovarian Function......Page 298
EFFECTS OF FSH AND LH ON THE DEVELOPING FOLLICLE......Page 299
EFFECTS ON CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION......Page 301
MENSTRUATION......Page 302
MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 304
PATTERN OF HORMONES IN BLOOD DURING THE OVARIAN CYCLE......Page 305
REGULATION OF FSH AND LH SECRETION......Page 306
Suggested Reading......Page 310
GAMETE TRANSPORT......Page 312
ROLE OF THE OVIDUCTS......Page 313
IMPLANTATION AND THE FORMATION OF THE PLACENTA......Page 314
The Placenta......Page 315
Placental Hormones......Page 316
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)......Page 317
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN (HCS)......Page 318
ESTROGENS......Page 319
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS......Page 322
RENAL ADAPTATIONS......Page 323
RESPIRATORY ADJUSTMENTS......Page 325
CALCIUM BALANCE......Page 326
Parturition......Page 327
THE ROLE OF CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)......Page 328
Lactation......Page 330
LACTATION AND MATERNAL CALCIUM BALANCE......Page 331
MECHANISM OF PROLACTIN ACTION......Page 332
NEUROENDOCRINE MECHANISMS......Page 333
PROLACTIN IN BLOOD......Page 335
Suggested Reading......Page 336
Index......Page 338