Basic Human Physiology MD0007

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LESSON 1
	INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
		DEFINITION
		LEVELS OF FUNCTION
		INTERRELATIONSHIPS
		LAWS OF NATURE
		MECHANICS/BIOMECHANICS
		LIFE PROCESSES
		VARIATIONS AMONG HUMAN ORGANISMS
		SOMATOTYPES
		GENERAL BODY FUNCTIONS
		ENERGY
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 2
	CELLS
		THE CELLULAR LEVEL
		THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A "TYPICAL" ANIMAL CELL
		ENERGY
	BODY FLUIDS
		INTRODUCTION
		FLUID COMPARTMENTS
		ELECTROLYTES
		WATER
		DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES
		TISSUE FLUID CYCLE
	HOMEOSTASIS
		INTRODUCTION
		WATER BALANCE
		ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
		MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL
		MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
	CELL GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION
		CELL GROWTH
		CELL MULTIPLICATION
	EPITHELIAL CELLS AND TISSUES
		INTRODUCTION
		EPITHELIAL CELL TYPES
		EPITHELIAL TISSUE TYPES
		LINING OF SEROUS CAVITIES
		OUTER SURFACE OF THE BODY
		SECRETORY PROCESSES
	FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
		INTRODUCTION
		TYPES OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
		FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES
		LENGTH AND TENSION
		TEMPERATURE AND TENSION
	FATTY TISSUES
		INTRODUCTION
		LIPIDS
		BROWN FAT AND YELLOW FAT
		TURNOVER OF FATS
		SOURCES
		OBESITY
		STORAGE OF FAT-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
		CHOLESTEROL
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 3
	INTRODUCTION
		INTRODUCTION
		ENVELOPES OF THE BODY
		THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
	INTEGUMENT PROPER
		INTRODUCTION
		LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
		SPLIT LINES
		DERMATOGLYPHICS
		CREASES
		THICKNESS
		PIGMENTATION
	INTEGUMENTARY DERIVATIVES
		INTRODUCTION
		HAIRS
		NAILS
		GLANDS
	FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		REDUCTION OF FRICTION AND ITS EFFECTS
		WATERPROOFING
		PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION
		GENERAL SENSIBILITY
	SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
		INTRODUCTION
		CUTANEOUS NAVL
		INTEGUMENTARY MUSCLES
	INVESTING DEEP FASCIA
		INTRODUCTION
		VARIATIONS IN THICKNESS
		INTERMUSCULAR SEPTA
	BODY TEMPERATURE CONTROL
		INTRODUCTION
		SOURCES OF BODY HEAT
		TYPES OF BODY TEMPERATURE
		COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM
		REMOVAL OF HEAT
		CONSERVATION OF HEAT
	VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
		INTRODUCTION
		MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION
		CONTROL OF PRODUCTION
	SUPERFICIAL WOUND HEALING
		INTRODUCTION
		RELATIONSHIP WITH SPLIT LINES
		HEALING
		SCARRING
	GENERAL ADAPTATIONS FOR GRASPING/HOLDING
		INTRODUCTION
		ADAPTATIONS
	VARIATIONS IN PENETRATION
		VARIATIONS IN INFANTS AND THE ELDERLY
		VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO BODY AREA
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 4
	GENERAL
		INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL FUNCTIONS
	TISSUES AND TISSUE PROCESSES OF SKELETAL ELEMENTS
		CONNECTIVE TISSUES
		PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
		BUILDING UP, TEARING DOWN, AND REBUILDING OF BONE TISSUE
	DEFINITION AND TYPES OF BONES
		DEFINITION
		TYPES
	A "TYPICAL" LONG BONE
		GENERAL STRUCTURE
		ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
	A "TYPICAL" FLAT BONE
		GENERAL STRUCTURE
		ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
		SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF THE FLAT BONES OF THE CRANIUM
	SESAMOID BONES
		GENERAL
		EXAMPLE-PATELLA
	DEFINITION AND TYPES OF JOINTS
		INTRODUCTION
		MATERIAL HOLDING JOINT TOGETHER
		RELATIVE MOBILITY
		DEGREES OF FREEDOM
	A "TYPICAL" SYNOVIAL JOINT
		INTRODUCTION
		BONES
		ARTICULAR CARTILAGES
		JOINT CAPSULE
		SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, FLUID, AND CAVITY
		LIGAMENTS
		SKELETAL MUSCLES
		TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
	THE AXIAL SKELETON
		INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN SKELETON
		INTRODUCTION TO THE AXIAL SKELETON
		SKULL
		NOTE ABOUT THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
		MOTIONS OF THE HEAD
		WEIGHT BEARING
		PROTECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD AND ITS MEMBRANES
		MOTION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
		FUNCTIONS OF THE RIB CAGE
	THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
		INTRODUCTION
		THE GIRDLES
		GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE LIMBS
		FUNCTIONS OF THE LOWER MEMBER
		FUNCTIONS OF THE UPPER MEMBER
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 5
	MUSCLE TISSUES
		INTRODUCTION
		ACTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUES
		TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
		MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE STRIATED MUSCLE TISSUE
		CONTRACTION OF A STRIATED MUSCLE FIBER
	SKELETAL MUSCLES
		INTRODUCTION
		KINDS OF MUSCLES WITH STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS
		MAKEUP OF AN INDIVIDUAL SKELETAL MUSCLE
		EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FCT FIBERS
		GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
		TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES ACCORDING TO FIBER PATTERN
		EFFECTS OF FIBER PATTERNS
		SOME BASIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES
		WOUND HEALING IN SKELETAL MUSCLES
	SOME SKELETOMUSCULAR MECHANICS
		INTRODUCTION
		THE SKELETOMUSCULAR UNIT
		POTENTIAL ROLES OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
		SECONDARY ROLES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
		OTHER FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
		EFFECTS OF EXERCISE OR THE LACK OF IT
	NERVOUS CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
		INTRODUCTION
		NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE AND MOTOR POINT
		SENSORY INPUT TO THE CNS FROM THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
		MOTOR COMMANDS FROM THE CNS TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 6
	INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL FUNCTION
		THE ENERGY CYCLE
		FOODS
	INGESTION AND INITIAL PROCESSING OF FOODS
		INGESTION
		TWO KEY FACTS ABOUT DIGESTION
		MASTICATION
		SALIVA
	SWALLOWING (DEGLUTITION)
		INTRODUCTION
		MOVEMENT OUT OF THE ORAL CAVITY
		MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PHARYNX
		MOVEMENT THROUGH THE ESOPHAGUS
	TEMPORARY STORAGE
		INTRODUCTION
		ADAPTATIONS OF THE STOMACH FOR THE STORAGE FUNCTION
		ADAPTATIONS OF THE STOMACH FOR ADDITIONAL FOOD PROCESSING
	DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
		INTRODUCTION
		DIGESTION AS A CHEMICAL PROCESS
		DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
		TIME AND LENGTH
		ABSORPTION
		HEPATIC VENOUS PORTAL SYSTEM
		THE LIVER
		UTILIZATION OF THE LIPIDS
	SOME PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		CONTINUITY WITH SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
		COMMENT ABOUT THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
		COMMENT ABOUT LYMPHOID TISSUES
		TONSILS
		"TONSILS" OF THE SMALL INTESTINES
		"TONSILS" OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
		KUPFFER'S CELLS
		THE MAMMARY GLAND
	VITAMINS
		INTRODUCTION
		WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
		FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
	ELIMINATION OF UNUSED MATERIALS
		UNDIGESTED FOOD MATERIALS
		LARGE INTESTINES
		STORAGE OF FECES
		ELIMINATION
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 7
	INTRODUCTION
		PURPOSE OF RESPIRATION AND BREATHING
		DEFINITIONS
		PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
		GENERAL ANATOMY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUMAN TRUNK
	INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BREATHING
		DEFINITION
		USE OF PRESSURE GRADIENTS
		TYPES OF HUMAN BREATHING
		LUNG CAPACITIES
		BREATHING CYCLES
	COSTAL ("THORACIC") BREATHING
		DEFINITION
		ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN RIB CAGE
		COSTAL INHALATION
		COSTAL EXHALATION
	DIAPHRAGMATIC ("ABDOMINAL") BREATHING
		PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
		THORACIC DIAPHRAGM
		DIAPHRAGMATIC INHALATION
		DIAPHRAGMATIC EXHALATION
	INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		GENERAL
		DIVISIONS
	THE SUPRALARYNGEAL STRUCTURES
		GENERAL FUNCTIONS
		NOSE
		NASAL CHAMBERS
		NASOPHARYNX
		PHARYNX AND FUNCTION OF SOFT PALATE
	LARYNX
		INTRODUCTION
		LARYNX AS A PART OF THE HYOID COMPLEX
		GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX
		CONTROL OF VOLUME OF AIR
		PRODUCTION OF HUMAN SPEECH
	THE "RESPIRATORY TREE" AND PULMONARY ALVEOLI
		INTRODUCTION
		TRACHEA
		BRONCHI
		"DEAD AIR"
		PULMONARY ALVEOLI
	LUNGS AND PLEURAL CAVITIES
		INTRODUCTION
		LUNG STRUCTURE
		PLEURAL CAVITIES
	THE PULMONARY NAVL
		NERVOUS CONTROL OF BREATHING
		FUNCTIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY
	EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF GASES: ARTIFICIAL BREATHING/RESUSCITATION
		EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF GASES
		ARTIFICIAL BREATHING/RESUSCITATION
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 8
	THE KIDNEY
		INTRODUCTION TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
		GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY
		THE NEPHRON
		COLLECTION OF URINE
	OTHER PARTS OF THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM
		THE URETERS
		THE URINARY BLADDER
		THE URETHRA
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 9
	INTRODUCTION
		DEFINITION
		TWO DISTINCT SEXES
		SEX HORMONES
		MAJOR ORGAN SUBGROUPS
		EXTERNAL GENITALIA
		COMMON EMBRYONIC ORGANS
		SEX DETERMINATION
	GAMETES (SEX CELLS)
		INTRODUCTION
		MEIOSIS
		FERTILIZATION
	THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		PRIMARY SEX ORGAN--TESTIS
		SECONDARY SEX ORGANS
		SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
	THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		PRIMARY SEX ORGAN--OVARY
		SECONDARY SEX ORGANS
		SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
		THE FEMALE BONY PELVIS
		THE MAMMARY GLAND
	INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT
		GENERAL
		SUPPORT OF THE EMBRYO AND FETUS
	PARTURITION
		DEFINITION
		INITIAL PHASE
		PASSAGE OF THE FETUS
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 10
	INTRODUCTION
		NEED FOR A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
		DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSTANCES
		COLLECTION OF SUBSTANCES
		HORMONES AND OTHER CONTROL SUBSTANCES
		CONTINUOUS RENEWAL AND REMOVAL OF FLUIDS
		COMPONENTS OF ANY CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
		EXAMPLES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
		INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
	THE BLOOD--THE VEHICLE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
		DEFINITION
		PLASMA
		FORMED ELEMENTS
		SERUM
		TRANSPORT OF GASES
		TRANSPORT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
		IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD IN ENERGY MOBILIZATION
		RESPONSES TO HEMORRHAGE
		BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND BLOOD MATCHING
	THE BLOOD VESSELS--THE CONDUITS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION
		SPECIAL SITUATIONS
		LOCATIONS OF BLOOD VESSELS TYPES
		PATTERNS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
	THE HEART--THE PRIMARY MOTIVE FORCE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		CHAMBERS OF THE HUMAN HEART
		FIBROUS SKELETON OF THE HEART
		WALL STRUCTURE
		CARDIAC VALVES
		NAVL OF THE HEART
		HEART SOUNDS
		ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)
		THE PERICARDIUM
	MOTIVE FORCES INVOLVED IN DRIVING THE BLOOD THROUGH THE SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW
		VENOUS BLOOD FLOW
	CAPILLARIES
		INTRODUCTION
		FILTRATION PHENOMENON
		CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS
	TEMPERATURE CONTROL BY MEANS OF THE BLOOD
		ELIMINATION OF EXCESS HEAT
		CONSERVATION OF BODY HEAT
		CORE TEMPERATURE CONTROL
		COOLING OF ORGANS WITH A HIGH METABOLIC RATE
		WARMING OF INFLOWING AIR
		ERYTHEMA
	OTHER CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
		THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS OF LESSER VOLUME
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 11
	INTRODUCTION
		ENDOCRINE ORGANS
		HORMONE
		TARGET ORGAN AND FEEDBACK MECHANISM
	THE PITUITARY BODY
		GENERAL
		POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
		ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
	THE PINEAL GLAND
		LOCATION
		FUNCTIONS
	THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
		THE THYROID GLAND
		THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
	THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS)
		LOCATION AND STRUCTURE
		HORMONES
	THE ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL)GLANDS
		LOCATION AND STRUCTURE
		HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
		HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
	THE GONADS AS ENDOCRINE GLANDS
		GENERAL
		MALE SEX HORMONES
		FEMALE SEX HORMONES
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 12
	INTRODUCTION
		THE NEURON
		MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
		DEFINITIONS
		OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
	THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		THE HUMAN BRAIN
		THE HUMAN SPINAL CORD
	THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
		PERIPHERAL NERVES
		A "TYPICAL" SPINAL NERVE
	THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
		CONTROL OF VISCERAL ACTIVITIES
		TWO MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS
		EQUILIBRIUM
		RESPONSE TO STRESS
	ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NEURON IMPULSES
		INTRODUCTION
		RESTING POTENTIAL
		ACTION POTENTIAL (DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION)
		EFFECT OF THE THICKNESS OF THE NEURON PROCESSES
		THE SYNAPSE
		THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
	THE GENERAL REFLEX AND THE REFLEX ARC
		THE GENERAL REFLEX
		THE GENERAL REFLEX ARC
	GENERAL SENSORY PATHWAYS OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION TO PATHWAYS
		INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SENSORY PATHWAYS
		PAIN--A GENERAL SENSE
		TEMPERATURE -- GENERAL SENSES
		TOUCH -- GENERAL SENSES
		"BODY SENSE"
	MOTOR PATHWAYS IN THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		PYRAMIDAL MOTOR PATHWAYS
		EXTRAPYRAMIDAL MOTOR PATHWAYS
	LEVELS OF CONTROL IN THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
		INTRODUCTION
		REFLEXES
		BRAINSTEM "CENTERS"
		CEREBELLUM
		CEREBRUM
	MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
		CEREBRAL AREAS
		DOMINANCE
		MEMORY
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 13
	INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL VERSUS SPECIAL SENSES
		INPUT TO BRAIN
	THE SPECIAL SENSE OF VISION
		THE RETINA
		NERVOUS PATHWAYS FROM THE RETINAS
		FOCUSING OF THE LIGHT RAYS
		ACCOMMODATION
		EYE MOVEMENTS
		VISUAL REFLEXES
		LACRIMAL APPARATUS
	THE SPECIAL SENSE OF HEARING (AUDITORY SENSE)
		INTRODUCTION
		THE EXTERNAL EAR
		THE MIDDLE EAR
		THE INTERNAL EAR
		NERVOUS PATHWAYS FOR HEARING
	THE SPECIAL SENSE OF EQUILIBRIUM, THE GENERAL BODY SENSE, AND POSTURAL REFLEXES
		INTRODUCTION
		THE MACULAE
		THE SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
		RESULTING INPUTS FOR THE SPECIAL SENSE OF EQUILIBRIUM
		INPUTS FOR THE GENERAL BODY SENSE
		POSTURAL REFLEXES
	THE SPECIAL SENSE OF SMELL (OLFACTION)
		SENSORY RECEPTORS
		OLFACTORY SENSORY PATHWAY
	THE SPECIAL SENSE OF TASTE (GUSTATION)
		SENSORY RECEPTORS
		SENSORY PATHWAY
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
LESSON 14
	SOME ELEMENTARY HUMAN GENETICS
		INTRODUCTION
		HISTORY OF GENETICS
		THE GENE
		CHROMOSOMES
		CELL DIVISIONS
		FERTILIZATION
		TERMINOLOGY
		SOME SIMPLE GENETIC COMBINATIONS (CROSSINGS)
		MODIFYING CONDITIONS
		CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
	EXERCISES
	SOLUTIONS
COMMENT SHEET