Basic guide to oral health education and promotion

Basic Guide to Oral Health Education and Promotion
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
SECTION 1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
	Chapter 1 The oral cavity in health
		INTRODUCTION
		ORAL EMBRYOLOGY
			Development of the face
			Development of the palate and nasal cavities
			Development of the jaws (mandible and maxilla)
			Tooth germ development in the foetus
		MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
		TEETH
			Primary dentition
			Secondary dentition
			Structure of the tooth
			Supporting structures of the tooth
		THE TONGUE AND THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
			Muscles of the tongue
			Functions of the tongue
			Conditions affecting the tongue
			The floor of the mouth
		SALIVA
			Major salivary glands
			Composition of saliva
			Functions of saliva
			Facts about saliva
			Other additives within the mouth
		REFERENCES
SECTION 2 DISEASES AND CONDITIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
	Chapter 2 Plaque, calculus and staining
		INTRODUCTION
		PLAQUE
			Biofilms
			Stages in plaque formation
			Secondary risk factors in the retention of plaque
			Plaque control
		CALCULUS
			Supragingival calculus
			Subgingival calculus
		STAINING
			Intrinsic staining
			Extrinsic staining
			Teeth whitening
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 3 Chronic gingivitis
		WHAT IS CHRONIC GINGIVITIS?
			Who does it affect?
			Primary cause of chronic gingivitis
			Secondary causes of chronic gingivitis
			Inflammation
			Other signs and symptoms of chronic gingivitis
			Treatment of chronic gingivitis
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 4 Periodontal disease
		WHAT IS CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS?
			Who does it affect?
			Primary causes of chronic periodontitis
			Secondary risk factors in the development of periodontitis
			Features of chronic periodontitis
			Signs of chronic periodontitis
			Symptoms of chronic periodontitis
			Treatment and management
		AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS
			Clinical features of aggressive periodontitis
			Treatment of aggressive periodontitis
		NECROTISING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS
			Aetiology of NUG
			Clinical features of NUG
			Treatment of NUG
		PERI-IMPLANT MUCOSITIS AND PERI-IMPLANTITIS
			Treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 5 Caries
		WHAT IS CARIES?
			History and incidence
			Types of caries
			Development of caries
			Aetiology of caries
			Stages of caries
			Common sites where caries occurs
			Prevention of caries (Figure 5.8)
			Simple experiments to demonstrate an acid attack
			Epidemiology and caries
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 6 Tooth surface loss and sensitivity
		WHAT IS TOOTH SURFACE LOSS?
			Erosion
			Attrition
			Abrasion
			Abfraction
		SENSITIVITY (DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY)
			Aetiology
			Features
			Where does dentine hypersensitivity occur?
			Patients commonly affected by dentine hypersensitivity
			Treatment
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 7 Xerostomia
		WHAT IS XEROSTOMIA?
			Aetiology
			Permanently dry mouth
			Management
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 8 Other diseases and disorders affecting the oral cavity
		INTRODUCTION
		PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
			Aetiology (causes)
			Clinical features
			Treatment
		APHTHOUS ULCERS (MINOR AND MAJOR)
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			Treatment
		COLD SORES (HERPES LABIALIS)
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			What reactivates the virus?
			Treatment
		ACUTE HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			Treatment
		TOOTH ANOMALIES
			Hypodontia
			Anodontia
			Hyperdontia
			Teeth size
			Tooth morphology anomalies
		GLOSSITIS
			Aetiology
			Treatment
		GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE
			Aetiology
			Treatment
		ORAL CANDIDOSIS
			Oral thrush
			Stomatitis
			Angular cheilitis
		WHITE PATCHES (LEUKOPLAKIA)
		ORAL CANCER (CARCINOMA)
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			Treatment
			Prevention
		SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			Treatment
		MUCOCELE
			Clinical features
			Aetiology
			Treatment
		TORI
		BURNS
			Aetiology
			Clinical features
			Treatment
		RECREATIONAL DRUG USERS
		SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH ORAL IMPLICATIONS
			Diabetes
			Patients with epilepsy
			Lichen planus
			Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
			Crohn’s disease and colitis
			Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
		REFERENCES
SECTION 3 ORAL DISEASE PREVENTION
	Chapter 9 Diet and nutrition
		INTRODUCTION
		A HEALTHY BALANCED DIET (THE EATWELL PLATE)
		NUTRITION
			Carbohydrates
			Proteins
			Fats
			Vitamins
			Minerals
			Fibre
			Water
		FOOD ADDITIVES
		FOOD LABELLING
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 10 Sugars in the diet
		INTRODUCTION
		THE COMA PANEL ON DIETARY SUGARS
			COMA classification of sugars (Figure 10.1)
			COMA Panel recommendations (Remember!)
		THE NACNE REPORT
		FREQUENCY OF SUGAR CONSUMPTION
			OHE advice to patients on sugar consumption
		SUGAR SUBSTITUTES
			Bulk sweeteners
			Intense sweeteners
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 11 Fluoride
		WHAT IS FLUORIDE?
			Where is it found?
			Facts about fluoride
			History of fluoride
			Benefits of water fluoridation
			How fluoride works
			Dental fluorosis
			Fluoride availability
			Points to consider when recommending supplements
			Patients recommended for fluoride supplements
			Arguments for and against the fluoridation of water supplies
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 12 Fissure sealants
		WHAT IS A FISSURE SEALANT?
			Reasons for using fissure sealants
			When and where to seal
			Fissure sealant materials/systems
			Sealant placement
			Tips on fissure sealing in children
			Further advice
			Clinical trials
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 13 Smoking cessation and substance misuse
		SMOKING AND TOBACCO USE
			Reasons why people smoke
			Effects of tobacco smoking on general health
			Effects of tobacco smoking on oral health
			Helping patients change their smoking habits
			Nicotine replacement therapy
		OTHER DRUG MISUSE AND SUPPORT
			Alcohol
			Illegal drug misuse
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 14 Anti-plaque agents
		INTRODUCTION
		TOOTHPASTE
			Constituents of toothpaste
			Functions of toothpaste
			Advising on toothpastes
		ANTI-PLAQUE MOUTHWASHES
			Chlorhexidine gluconate
			Forms of chlorhexidine gluconate
			Delmopinol mouthwash
			Essential oil mouthwash
			Fluoride mouthwashes
			Hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes
			Sodium bicarbonate
			Benzydamine hydrochloride
			Cetylpyridinium chloride
		SUGAR-FREE CHEWING GUM
		REFERENCES
SECTION 4 DELIVERING ORAL HEALTH MESSAGES
	Chapter 15 Communication
		WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
			The three rules of communication
		COMMUNICATION IN THE DENTAL SURGERY
			Effective communication
			Communication barriers
			Paralinguistic communication
			Neuro-linguistic programming
		MEDIA INFLUENCE
		TECHNOLOGY AND THE OHE
	Chapter 16 Education and planning sessions
		INTRODUCTION
		EDUCATIONAL THEORISTS
		THE THREE DOMAINS OF LEARNING
		STRUCTURING A SESSION
			Deciding upon a topic
			Obtain background information about the patient/group
			Aims
			Objectives
			Lesson plan
			Teaching methods and aids
			Evaluation
		SO WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE?
			Open and closed questions
			Questionnaire design
			Rehearse the session
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 17 Setting up a preventive dental unit
		INTRODUCTION
		PDU LOCATION
		PDU DESIGN
		SETTING UP DISPLAYS
		ORGANISATION
	Chapter 18 Planning an oral hygiene session outside of the practice
		INTRODUCTION
		PLANNING A TALK TO A GROUP OUTSIDE OF THE PRACTICE
		DELIVERING THE TALK (CHECKLIST)
		SETTING UP AN EXHIBITION OR DISPLAY (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 17)
		POSTER DESIGN AND DISPLAYING WRITTEN INFORMATION (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 17)
	Chapter 19 Practical oral hygiene instruction
		INTRODUCTION
		TEACHING PLAQUE CONTROL SKILLS
			Patient motivation
			Disclosing
			Plaque indicator kits
			Toothbrushes
			Toothbrushing
			Interdental cleaning methods
			Tongue cleaning
			Advice to orthodontic appliance wearers
			Advice to denture wearers
		COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
			Acupuncture
			Herbal remedies
			Aromatherapy
			Homeopathy
		REFERENCES
SECTION 5 ORAL HEALTH TARGET GROUPS AND CASE STUDIES
	Chapter 20 Pregnant patients
		INTRODUCTION
			Lifestyle advice during pregnancy
			Questions on the developing embryo and foetus
		SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ORAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
			Erosion (see also Chapter 6)
			Caries (see Chapter 5)
			Gingival problems (see Chapter 3)
			Periodontal infection
			Smoking-related conditions and diseases
			Alcohol advice (see also Chapter 13)
		SUMMARY OF ADVICE FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 21 Parents of pre-11 year olds
		INTRODUCTION
		GENERAL ADVICE FOR ALL AGE GROUPS
			Sugar-free medicines
			‘One hour before bed’ rule
			Passive smoking (see Chapter 13)
			Visiting schools and clubs
		ADVICE TO PARENTS OF 0–3 YEAR OLDS
			Babies born with teeth
			Eruption dates and teething advice
			Visiting the dentist
			Toothbrushing (see Chapter 19)
			Interdental cleaning (see Chapter 19)
			Fluoride toothpaste
			Fluoride supplements (see Chapter 14)
			Comforters (dummies)
			Feeding and weaning
		ADVICE TO PARENTS OF CHILDREN AGED 4–6 YEARS
		ADVICE TO PARENTS OF CHILDREN AGED 7–11 YEARS
			Eruption dates (see Chapter 1)
			Suitable toothbrush techniques (see Chapter 19)
			Interdental cleaning
			Fluoride mouthwash (if appropriate)
			Diet and sugar intake (see also Chapters 9 and 10)
			Drinks (see also Chapters 9 and 10)
			Gum disease prevention
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 22 Adolescents and orthodontic patients
		ADOLESCENTS
			Treating adolescents
			Advice for adolescents
		THE ORTHODONTIC PATIENT
			Deciding on orthodontic treatment
			Angle’s classification
			Advice for the orthodontic patient
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 23 Older people
		WHO ARE OLDER PEOPLE?
			British Dental Association classification of older people
			UK adult dental surveys
			Benefits of a healthy mouth
			Diet and nutrition (see also Chapter 9)
			Barriers to dental treatment
			Breaking down the barriers
			Oral problems of older people
			Denture care
			Advice to carers of patients with full or partial dentures
			Obturators
			Additional information for professional carers
			Other considerations
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 24 At-risk and special-care patients
		WHO ARE AT-RISK PATIENTS?
			Medically compromised patients
			Patients with physical impairment
			Patients with mental impairment
			Phrases used for special-care patients
			People of low socio-economic status
			Patients with dental phobia
			Severely compromised patients
			People who smoke and misuse alcohol and other drugs (see also Chapter 13)
			Patients with heart valve defects
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 25 Minority ethnic populations in the United Kingdom
		INTRODUCTION
		BARRIERS TO DENTAL TREATMENT
			Breaking down the barriers
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 26 Other health professionals
		INTRODUCTION
		WHO ELSE PROVIDES ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION?
		TEAM UP WITH OTHER PROFESSIONALS
		GIVING ADVICE TO INDIVIDUAL HEALTH EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS
		REFERENCE
	Chapter 27 Planning education case studies and exhibitions
		INTRODUCTION
			Choosing case study subjects
			Plan ahead
			Putting yourself and the patient at ease (see also Chapter 15)
			Do not expect miracles
			Dealing with difficult patients
			Patient records
			Case study examples
			Exhibition or display (see also Chapter 18)
SECTION 6 ORAL HEALTH AND SOCIETY
	Chapter 28 Sociology
		SOCIOLOGY
			Socialisation
			Social classes
		THE ICEBERG EFFECT
			Victim blaming
			An example of how to close the performance gap
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 29 Epidemiology
		WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY?
		SURVEYS
			Survey terminology
		INDICES
			Examples of where indices can be used
			DMFT caries index (1930s)
			Oral hygiene index (1960)
			Silness and Löe plaque index (1964)
			Turesky plaque index (1970) (Figure 29.1)
			Basic periodontal examination (BPE) index (1982)
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 30 Evidence-based prevention
		PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
		EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION
			Primary prevention
			Secondary prevention
			Tertiary prevention
			The Cochrane Collaboration
		RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
			NICE recommendations on patient recall
		DENTAL CONTRACT REFORM
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 31 UK dental services
		GENERAL DENTAL SERVICE
		PRIVATE DENTAL PRACTICES
		CLINICAL GOVERNANCE
		REVIEW OF NHS DENTAL SERVICES IN ENGLAND
		THE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE ACT 2012
		THE GENERAL DENTAL COUNCIL
			GDC Scope of Practice
		CARE QUALITY COMMISSION
		COMMUNITY DENTAL SERVICE
		HOSPITAL DENTAL SERVICE
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 32 Oral health promotion
		WHAT IS ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION?
		THE OTTAWA CHARTER
		DEFINING PEOPLE’S NEEDS
		DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH GUIDANCE
		NATIONAL ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION INITIATIVES
		LOCAL ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION INITIATIVES
		BARRIERS TO PROMOTION
		FUTURE PROMOTION
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 33 Dental research
		KEEPING UP TO DATE WITH RESEARCH
			Significance of research papers
			Terminology
		CLINICAL TRIALS
			Randomised controlled trial/study
			Cohort study
			Single- and double-blind studies
			Crossover study
			Parallel study
		SOURCING RESEARCH PAPERS
		REFERENCE
Index