Basic Environmental Engineering

Cover
......Page 1
Preface
......Page 8
Contents
......Page 12
1.1 Basic Concepts
......Page 18
1.3 Adverse Effects of Environmental Pollution
......Page 19
1.4 Control Strategies
......Page 21
1.5 Environmental Acts and Regulations
......Page 23
1.5.2 Environmental Protection Laws in India
......Page 24
1.6.2 Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board
......Page 26
1.6.3 Functions of the State Pollution Control Board
......Page 27
1.7 Conclusion
......Page 28
2.2 Water Resources
......Page 30
2.2.1 Rainfall
......Page 31
2.2.3 Measurement of Rainfall
......Page 32
2.3 Surface Sources of Water Supply
......Page 34
2.4.2 Permeability
......Page 38
2.5 Ground Water Yield
......Page 39
2.5.1 Drilling of Tube-Wells
......Page 40
2.5.3 Development of Tube-wells
......Page 43
2.5.4.1 Yield of a tube-well in an unconfined aquifer
......Page 44
2.5.4.2 Yield of a tube-well in a confined aquifer
......Page 47
2.6 Basics of the Water Supply Schemes
......Page 49
2.6.1 Quality of Water
......Page 52
2.6.2 Characteristics of Water
......Page 55
2.7.2 Plain Sedimentation
......Page 59
2.7.4 Filtration
......Page 60
2.7.5 Disinfection
......Page 61
2.7.6 Aeration
......Page 62
2.7.7 Water Softening
......Page 63
2.8 Requirement of Pressure of Water To be Supplied 
......Page 65
2.9.1 Prevention of Pollution
......Page 66
2.9.2 Statutory Water and Sanitation Boards
......Page 67
2.9.3.1 Collection of Domestic Wastewater
......Page 68
2.9.3.3 Design of the Sewer Line
......Page 69
2.9.3.4 Hydraulics of Sewers
......Page 71
2.9.4 Treatment of Wastewater
......Page 72
2.9.4.1 Unit Operations and Processes
......Page 74
2.9.4.2 Methods of Treatment of Wastewater
......Page 76
2.9.5 Anaerobic Digestion
......Page 77
2.9.6 Disposal of Treated Wastewater (Effluent)
......Page 78
2.9.7 Disposal into Water Bodies
......Page 79
2.9.7.1 Disposal on Land
......Page 80
2.9.9 Septic Tank
......Page 81
2.9.10 Soak Pits
......Page 82
2.11 Conclusion
......Page 83
3.1 Introduction
......Page 86
3.2 Formal Definition of Air Pollution
......Page 87
3.3.1 Classification of Air Pollutants
......Page 88
3.2.2. Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants
......Page 90
3.4 Classification Based on Position
......Page 91
3.5. Harmful Effects of Air Pollution on Materials
......Page 93
3.6 Control of Air Pollution
......Page 94
3.7.1 Catalytic Converter
......Page 95
3.9 Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
......Page 96
3.10 Acid Rain
......Page 97
3.11.1 Causes of the Ozone Layer Depletion
......Page 99
3.12 Conclusion
......Page 100
4.1 Introduction
......Page 104
4.2 Classification of Solid Waste
......Page 106
4.2.1. Importance of Classification
......Page 108
4.3.1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities
......Page 110
4.4 Expected Quantities of Solid Waste
......Page 112
4.5 Physical Characteristics
......Page 113
4.6 Chemical Characteristics
......Page 114
4.7.1 Inventory Management and Improved Operation
......Page 115
4.7.2 Utilization of Waste
......Page 116
4.8.1 Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source
......Page 117
4.8.2 Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of Collection
......Page 118
4.8.4 Treatment of Solid Waste
......Page 119
4.8.5.1 Incineration
......Page 120
4.8.5.2 Landfill
......Page 121
4.8.5.3 Composting
......Page 122
4.9 Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
......Page 123
4.9.1 Parameters Affecting Energy Recovery
......Page 124
4.10 Sanitary Landfill
......Page 125
4.11 Hazardous Waste Management
......Page 126
4.12 Bio-Medical Waste
......Page 127
4.13 Conclusion
......Page 128
5.1 Introduction
......Page 132
5.1.2 Useful Definitions
......Page 134
5.1.3.1 Autecology
......Page 136
5.1.3.3.1 Modern sub-divisions of ecology:
......Page 137
5.1.4 Functional Concepts of Ecology
......Page 138
5.3 Ecosystem
......Page 139
5.3.1.1 Geophysical
......Page 141
5.3.1.2.Hydrological cycle
......Page 142
5.3.1.3 Chemical cycle
......Page 145
5.3.2 Ecosystem and Human Beings
......Page 147
5.3.3 Biome and Ecosystem
......Page 148
5.4 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
......Page 149
5.4.1 Solar Energy
......Page 150
5.5 Major Ecosystems of the World
......Page 152
5.5.3 Streams and Rivers
......Page 153
5.5.6 Deserts
......Page 154
5.5.8 Grasslands
......Page 155
5.5.9 Forest
......Page 156
5.6 Biodiversity
......Page 157
5.6.1 Basic Laws of Biodiversity
......Page 158
5.7.1 Population Characteristics
......Page 159
5.7.3 Population Dynamics
......Page 160
5.8 Conclusion
......Page 163
6.1 Introduction
......Page 166
6.2.1 Solar Energy
......Page 168
6.2.2 Wind Energy
......Page 170
6.2.3 Energy from Water
......Page 172
6.2.6 Geothermal Energy
......Page 173
6.3 Potential of Renewable Energy Resources in India
......Page 174
6.4 Conclusion
......Page 175
7.1 Introduction
......Page 178
7.2 Necessity of Environmental Impact Assessment
......Page 180
7.3.1.1 Water Resource Project
......Page 181
7.3.1.4 Tidal Hydroelectricity Project
......Page 189
7.3.1.6 Wind Energy Project
......Page 190
7.3.1.10 Nuclear Power Plant
......Page 191
7.3.1.11 Biomass or Biogas Power Plant
......Page 192
7.3.2 Data Collection
......Page 193
7.3.3 Prediction
......Page 194
7.3.4 Assessment
......Page 196
7.4 Conclusion
......Page 197
8.1 Introduction
......Page 200
8.3 The Nature of Sound
......Page 201
8.3.2 Pitch
......Page 202
8.4 Sensitivity of Sound
......Page 203
8.5 Levels of Noise and Its Measurement
......Page 204
8.6 Acceptable Noise Levels
......Page 205
8.7 Effects of Noise
......Page 206
8.8.5 Effects on Non-living Things
......Page 207
8.11 Other Ways of Noise Control
......Page 208
8.13 Conclusion
......Page 209
Bibliography
......Page 212
Index
......Page 216