Basic electronics and linear circuits

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Unit 1-Introduction to Electronics
	1.1 WHAT IS ELECTRONICS
	1.2 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS
	1.3 MODERN TRENDS IN ELECTRONICS
	1.4 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
	1.5 SI UNITS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPES QUESTIONS
Unit 2-Current and Voltage Sources
	2.1 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POWER
	2.2 INTERNAL IMPEDANCE OF A SOURCE
	2.3 CONCEPT OF VOLTAGE SOURCE
	2.4 CONCEPT OF CURRENT SOURCE
	2.5 EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN VOLTAGE SOURCE AND CURRENT SOURCE
	2.6 USEFULNESS OF THE CONCEPT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCE IN ELECTRONICS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 2.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 2.2
Unit 3-Semiconductor Physics
	3.1 WHY STUDY SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
	3.2 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
	3.3 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
	3.4 METALS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
	3.5 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
	3.6 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
Unit 4-Semiconductor Diode
	4.1 PN-JUNCTION
	4.2 JUNCTION THEORY
	4.3 V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF A PH-JUNCTION DIODE
	4.4 THE IDEAL DIODE
	4.5 STATIC AND DYNAMIC RESISTANCE OF A DIODE
	4.6 USE OF DIODES IN RECTIFIERS
	4.7 HOW EFFECTIVELY A RECTIFIER CONVERTS AC INTO DC
	4.8 HOW TO GET A BETTER DC
	4.9 TYPES OF DIODES
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 4.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.3
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.4
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.5
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 4.6
Unit 5-Transistors
	5.1 INTRODUCTION
	5.2 JUNCTION TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE
	5.3 THE SURPRISING ACTION OF A TRANSISTOR
	5.4 THE WORKING OF A TRANSISTOR
	5.5 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFYING ACTION
	5.6 THREE CONFIGURATIONS
	5.7 TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
	5.8 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THREE CONFIGURATIONS
	5.9 WHY CE CONFIGURATION IS WIDELY USED IN AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
	5.10 BASIC CE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
	5.11 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSISTORS
	5.12 TRANSISTOR DATA SHEETS
	5.13 THERMAL RUNAWAY AND HEAT SINK
	5.14 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 5.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 5.2
	TUTORIAL SHEET 5.3
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 5.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 5.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 5.3
Unit 6-Vacuum Tubes
	6.1 WHY VACUUM TUBES ARE STILL USED
	6.2 VACUUM DIODE
	6.3 USE OF VACUUM DIODES IN RECTIFIERS
	6.4 VACUUM TRIODE
	6.5 TETRODE TUBE
	6.6 PENTODE TUBE
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 6.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 6.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 6.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 6.3
Unit 7-Transistor Biasing and Stabilization of Operating Point
	7.1 INTRODUCTION
	7.2 WHY BIAS A TRANSISTOR
	7.3 SELECTION OF OPERATING POINT
	7.4 NEED FOR BIAS STABILIZATION
	7.5 REQUIREMENTS OF A BIASING CIRCUIT
	7.6 DIFFERENT BIASING CIRCUITS
	7.7 PNP TRANSISTOR BIASING CIRCUITS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 7.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 7.2
	TUTORIAL SHEET 7.3
	TUTORIAL SHEET 7.4
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 7.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 7.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 7.3
Unit 8-Small-Signal Amplifiers
	8.1 INTRODUCTION
	8.2 SINGLE-STAGE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
	8.3 GRAPHICAL METHOD
	8.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT METHOD
	8.5 TRIODE AMPLIFIER
	8.6 A PRACTICAL PENTODE AMPLIFIER
	8.7 AMPLIFIER USING FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)
	8.8 COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSISTOR AND TUBE AMPLIFIERS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 8.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 8.2
	TUTORIAL SHEET 8.3
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 8.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 8.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 8.3
Unit 9-Multi-Stage Amplifiers
	9.1 DO WE REQUIRE MORE THAN ONE STAGE
	9.2 GAIN OF A MULTI-STAGE AMPLIFIER
	9.3 HOW TO COUPLE TWO STAGES
	9.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE OF AN RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER
	9.5 ANALYSIS OF TWO-STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER
	9.6 DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIERS
	9.7 CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 9.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 9.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 9.2
Unit 10-Power Amplifiers
	10.1 NEED FOR POWER AMPLIFIERS
	10.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER AND POWER AMPLIFIER
	10.3 WHY VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER CANNOT WORK AS A POWER AMPLIFIER
	10.4 HOW TO A VOID POWER LOSS IN Rc
	10.5 SINGLE-ENDED POWER AMPLIFIER
	10.6 WHY CLASS-B AND CLASS-C OPERATION IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN CLASS A
	10.7 HARMONIC DISTORTION IN POWER AMPLIFIERS
	10.8 PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 10.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 10.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 10.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 10.2
Unit 11-Tuned Voltage Amplifiers
	11.1 NEED FOR TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
	11.2 RESONANCE
	11.3 SINGLE-TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
	11.4 DOUBLE-TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 11.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 11.2
	TUTORIAL SHEET 11.3
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 11.1
Unit 12-Feedback in Amplifiers
	12.1 CONCEPT OF FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS
	12,2 TYPES OF FEEDBACK
	12.3 VOLTAGE GAIN O FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
	12.4 HOW NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS ADVANTAGEOUS
	12.5 AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 12.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 12.2
	TUTORIAL SHEET 12.3
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 12.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 12.2
Unit 13-Oscillators
	13.1 WHY DO WE NEED AN OSCILLATOR
	13.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OSCILLATORS
	13.3 HOW A TUNED CIRCUIT CAN BE MADE TO GENERATE SINE WAVES
	13.4 POSITIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER AS AN OSCILLATOR
	13.5 LC OSCILLATORS
	13.6 RC OSCILLATORS
	13.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
	13.8 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 13.1
	EXRERIMENTAL EXERCISE 13.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 13.2
Unit 14-Electronic Instruments
	14.1 INTRODUCTION
	14.2 MULTIMETER
	14.3 ELECTRONIC MULTIMETERS
	14.4 CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)
	14.5 AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATORS
	14.6 STRAIN GAUGE
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	OBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
	TUTORIAL SHEET 14.1
	TUTORIAL SHEET 14.2
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 14.1
	EXPERIMENTAL EXERCISE 14.2
Index